Python学习札记(三十四) 面向对象编程 Object Oriented Program 5
参考:获取对象信息
NOTE
1.type()函数可以用来判断对象的类型:
>>> type(123)
<class 'int'>
>>> type('ABC')
<class 'str'>
>>> type(None)
<class 'NoneType'>
>>> type(abs)
<class 'builtin_function_or_method'>
如果一个变量指向函数或者类,也可以用type()判断.
也可以用来判断两个变量的类型是否相等:
>>> type(abs)==type(123)
False
>>> type('B')==type('H')
True
判断一个对象是否为函数:
>>> import types
>>> def f():
... pass
...
>>> type(f)==types.FunctionType
True
>>> type(abs)==types.BuiltinFunctionType
True
>>> type(lambda x: x)==types.LambdaType
True
>>> type((x for x in range(10)))==types.GeneratorType
True
2.isinstance():可以用来判断一个对象是否是某一个类的对象
#!/usr/bin/env python3
class Animal(object):
"""docstring for Animal"""
def __init__(self):
self.name = 'animal'
def run(self):
print('animal run')
def getname(self):
print(self.name)
class Dog(Animal):
"""docstring for Dog"""
def __init__(self):
self.name = 'Dog'
def run(self):
print('dog run')
def getname(self):
print(self.name)
def main():
a = Animal()
b = Dog()
if isinstance(a, Animal):
print('a is animal')
if isinstance(b, Animal):
print('b is animal')
if isinstance(a, Dog):
print('a is dog')
if isinstance(b, Dog):
print('b is dog')
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
sh-3.2# ./oop5.py
a is animal
b is animal
b is dog
能够用type()函数判断的类型,也可以用isinstance()判断。
3.如果要获得一个对象的所有属性和方法,可以使用dir()函数,它返回一个包含字符串的list:
>>> dir('A')
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'capitalize', 'casefold', 'center', 'count', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'format', 'format_map', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isdecimal', 'isdigit', 'isidentifier', 'islower', 'isnumeric', 'isprintable', 'isspace', 'istitle', 'isupper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'maketrans', 'partition', 'replace', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit', 'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper', 'zfill']
类似__xxx__的属性和方法在Python中都是有特殊用途的,比如__len__
方法返回长度。在Python中,如果你调用len()函数试图获取一个对象的长度,实际上,在len()函数内部,它自动去调用该对象的__len__()
方法。
len('ABC') <=> 'ABC'.__len__()
4.配合getattr()、setattr()以及hasattr(),我们可以直接操作一个对象的状态.
#!/usr/bin/env python3
class MyClass(object):
"""docstring for MyClass"""
def __init__(self, name):
super(MyClass, self).__init__()
self.name = name
def getname(self):
print(self.name)
def main():
me = MyClass('chen')
me.getname()
# get object attribute
if hasattr(me, 'name'):
print('me have attr name')
getattr(me, 'name')
if hasattr(me, 'age'):
print('me have attr age')
getattr(me, 'age')
print('first judge finished')
setattr(me, 'age', 20)
if hasattr(me, 'age'):
print('me have attr age')
getattr(me, 'age')
print('second judge finished')
# get object function
f = getattr(me, 'getname')
f()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
注意,在这三个函数中,提供的均为属性名称。
sh-3.2# ./oop6.py
chen
me have attr name
first judge finished
me have attr age
second judge finished
chen
2017/2/27
To improve is to change, to be perfect is to change often.