os模块:
<pre class="has" name="code"><code class="language-python hljs"><ol class="hljs-ln"><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.remove() 删除文件 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.unlink() 删除文件 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.rename() 重命名文件 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.listdir() 列出指定目录下所有文件 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.chdir() 改变当前工作目录</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.getcwd() 获取当前文件路径</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.mkdir() 新建目录</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.rmdir() 删除空目录(删除非空目录, 使用shutil.rmtree())</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.makedirs() 创建多级目录</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.removedirs() 删除多级目录</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.stat(file) 获取文件属性</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.chmod(file) 修改文件权限</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.utime(file) 修改文件时间戳</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.name(file) 获取操作系统标识</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.system() 执行操作系统命令</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.execvp() 启动一个新进程</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.fork() 获取父进程ID，在子进程返回中返回<span class="hljs-number">0</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.execvp() 执行外部程序脚本（Uinx）</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.spawn() 执行外部程序脚本（Windows）</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="20"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.access(path, mode) 判断文件权限(详细参考cnblogs)</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="21"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.wait() 暂时未知</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="22"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path模块：</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="23"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.split(filename) 将文件路径和文件名分割(会将最后一个目录作为文件名而分离)</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="24"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.splitext(filename) 将文件路径和文件扩展名分割成一个元组</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="25"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.dirname(filename) 返回文件路径的目录部分</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="26"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.basename(filename) 返回文件路径的文件名部分</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="27"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.join(dirname,basename) 将文件路径和文件名凑成完整文件路径</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="28"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.abspath(name) 获得绝对路径</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="29"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.splitunc(path) 把路径分割为挂载点和文件名</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="30"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.normpath(path) 规范path字符串形式</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="31"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.exists() 判断文件或目录是否存在</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="32"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.isabs() 如果path是绝对路径，返回<span
class="hljs-keyword">True</span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="33"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.realpath(path) <span class="hljs-comment">#返回path的真实路径</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="34"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.relpath(path[, start]) <span class="hljs-comment">#从start开始计算相对路径 </span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="35"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.normcase(path) <span class="hljs-comment">#转换path的大小写和斜杠</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="36"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.isdir() 判断name是不是一个目录，name不是目录就返回false</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="37"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.isfile() 判断name是不是一个文件，不存在返回false</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="38"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.islink() 判断文件是否连接文件,返回boolean</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="39"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.ismount() 指定路径是否存在且为一个挂载点，返回boolean</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="40"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.samefile() 是否相同路径的文件，返回boolean</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="41"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.getatime() 返回最近访问时间 浮点型</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="42"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.getmtime() 返回上一次修改时间 浮点型</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="43"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.getctime() 返回文件创建时间 浮点型</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="44"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.getsize() 返回文件大小 字节单位</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="45"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.commonprefix(list) <span class="hljs-comment">#返回list(多个路径)中，所有path共有的最长的路径</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="46"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.lexists <span class="hljs-comment">#路径存在则返回True,路径损坏也返回True</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="47"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.expanduser(path) <span class="hljs-comment">#把path中包含的”~”和”~user”转换成用户目录</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="48"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.expandvars(path) <span class="hljs-comment">#根据环境变量的值替换path中包含的”$name”和”${name}”</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="49"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.sameopenfile(fp1, fp2) <span class="hljs-comment">#判断fp1和fp2是否指向同一文件</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="50"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.samestat(stat1, stat2) <span class="hljs-comment">#判断stat tuple stat1和stat2是否指向同一个文件</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="51"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.splitdrive(path) <span class="hljs-comment">#一般用在windows下，返回驱动器名和路径组成的元组</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="52"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.walk(path, visit, arg) <span class="hljs-comment">#遍历path，给每个path执行一个函数详细见手册</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="53"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">os.path.supports_unicode_filenames() 设置是否支持unicode路径名</div></div></li></ol></code></pre>
<h1><a name="t1"></a><a name="t1"></a>stat模块：</h1>
<pre class="has" name="code"><code class="language-python hljs"><ol class="hljs-ln"><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">描述os.stat()返回的文件属性列表中各值的意义</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">fileStats = os.stat(path) 获取到的文件属性列表</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">fileStats[stat.ST_MODE] 获取文件的模式</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">fileStats[stat.ST_SIZE] 文件大小</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">fileStats[stat.ST_MTIME] 文件最后修改时间</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">fileStats[stat.ST_ATIME] 文件最后访问时间</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">fileStats[stat.ST_CTIME] 文件创建时间</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">stat.S_ISDIR(fileStats[stat.ST_MODE]) 是否目录</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">stat.S_ISREG(fileStats[stat.ST_MODE]) 是否一般文件</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">stat.S_ISLNK(fileStats[stat.ST_MODE]) 是否连接文件</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">stat.S_ISSOCK(fileStats[stat.ST_MODE]) 是否COCK文件</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">stat.S_ISFIFO(fileStats[stat.ST_MODE]) 是否命名管道</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">stat.S_ISBLK(fileStats[stat.ST_MODE]) 是否块设备</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">stat.S_ISCHR(fileStats[stat.ST_MODE]) 是否字符设置</div></div></li></ol></code></pre>
<h1><a name="t2"></a><a name="t2"></a>sys模块：</h1>
<pre class="has" name="code"><code class="language-python hljs"><ol class="hljs-ln"><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.argv 命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.modules.keys() 返回所有已经导入的模块列表</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.modules 返回系统导入的模块字段，key是模块名，value是模块 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.exc_info() 获取当前正在处理的异常类,exc_type、exc_value、exc_traceback当前处理的异常详细信息</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.exit(n) 退出程序，正常退出时exit(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>)</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.hexversion 获取Python解释程序的版本值，<span
class="hljs-number">16</span>进制格式如：<span class="hljs-number">0x020403F0</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.stdout 标准输出</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.stdout.write(‘aaa‘) 标准输出内容</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.stdout.writelines() 无换行输出</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.stdin 标准输入</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.stdin.read() 输入一行</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.stderr 错误输出</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.exc_clear() 用来清除当前线程所出现的当前的或最近的错误信息 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.exec_prefix 返回平台独立的python文件安装的位置 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.byteorder 本地字节规则的指示器，big-endian平台的值是‘big‘,little-endian平台的值是‘little‘ </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.copyright 记录python版权相关的东西 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="20"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.api_version 解释器的C的API版本 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="21"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.version_info ‘final‘表示最终,也有‘candidate‘表示候选，表示版本级别，是否有后继的发行 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="22"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.getdefaultencoding() 返回当前你所用的默认的字符编码格式 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="23"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">sys.getfilesystemencoding() 返回将Unicode文件名转换成系统文件名的编码的名字 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="24"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.builtin_module_names Python解释器导入的内建模块列表 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="25"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.executable Python解释程序路径 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="26"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.getwindowsversion() 获取Windows的版本 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="27"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">sys.stdin.readline() 从标准输入读一行，sys.stdout.write(“a”) 屏幕输出a</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="28"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">sys.setdefaultencoding(name) 用来设置当前默认的字符编码(详细使用参考文档) </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="29"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">sys.displayhook(value) 如果value非空，这个函数会把他输出到sys.stdout(详细使用参考文档)</div></div></li></ol></code></pre>
<h1><a name="t3"></a><a name="t3"></a>datetime,date,time模块：</h1>
<pre class="has" name="code"><code class="language-python hljs"><ol class="hljs-ln"><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">datetime.date.today() 本地日期对象,(用str函数可得到它的字面表示(<span
class="hljs-number">2014</span><span class="hljs-number">-03</span><span
class="hljs-number">-24</span>))</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">datetime.date.isoformat(obj) 当前[年-月-日]字符串表示(<span class="hljs-number">2014</span><span
class="hljs-number">-03</span><span class="hljs-number">-24</span>)</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">datetime.date.fromtimestamp() 返回一个日期对象，参数是时间戳,返回 [年-月-日]</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">datetime.date.weekday(obj) 返回一个日期对象的星期数,周一是<span
class="hljs-number">0</span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">datetime.date.isoweekday(obj) 返回一个日期对象的星期数,周一是<span class="hljs-number">1</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">datetime.date.isocalendar(obj) 把日期对象返回一个带有年月日的元组</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">datetime对象：</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">datetime.datetime.today() 返回一个包含本地时间(含微秒数)的datetime对象 <span
class="hljs-number">2014</span><span class="hljs-number">-03</span><span
class="hljs-number">-24</span> <span class="hljs-number">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number">31</span>:<span
class="hljs-number">50.419000</span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">datetime.datetime.now([tz]) 返回指定时区的datetime对象 <span
class="hljs-number">2014</span><span class="hljs-number">-03</span><span
class="hljs-number">-24</span> <span class="hljs-number">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number">31</span>:<span
class="hljs-number">50.419000</span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">datetime.datetime.utcnow() 返回一个零时区的datetime对象</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp[,tz]) 按时间戳返回一个datetime对象，可指定时区,可用于strftime转换为日期表示 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">datetime.utcfromtimestamp(timestamp) 按时间戳返回一个UTC-datetime对象</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">datetime.datetime.strptime(‘<span
class="hljs-number">2014</span><span class="hljs-number">-03</span><span
class="hljs-number">-16</span> <span class="hljs-number">12</span>:<span class="hljs-number">21</span>:<span
class="hljs-number">21</span>‘,”%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S”) 将字符串转为datetime对象</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">datetime.datetime.strftime(datetime.datetime.now(), ‘%Y%m%d %H%M%S‘) 将datetime对象转换为str表示形式</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">datetime.date.today().timetuple() 转换为时间戳datetime元组对象，可用于转换时间戳</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">datetime.datetime.now().timetuple()</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">time.mktime(timetupleobj) 将datetime元组对象转为时间戳</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">time.time() 当前时间戳</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">time.localtime</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="20"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">time.gmtime</div></div></li></ol></code></pre>
<h1><a name="t4"></a><a name="t4"></a>hashlib,md5模块：</h1>
<pre class="has" name="code"><code class="language-python hljs"><ol class="hljs-ln"><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">hashlib.md5(‘md5_str‘).hexdigest() 对指定字符串md5加密</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">md5.md5(‘md5_str‘).hexdigest() 对指定字符串md5加密</div></div></li></ol></code></pre>
<h1><a name="t5"></a><a name="t5"></a>random模块：</h1>
<pre class="has" name="code"><code class="hljs css"><ol class="hljs-ln"><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-selector-tag">random</span><span
class="hljs-selector-class">.random</span>() 产生0<span class="hljs-selector-tag">-1</span>的随机浮点数</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-selector-tag">random</span><span
class="hljs-selector-class">.uniform</span>(<span class="hljs-selector-tag">a</span>, <span
class="hljs-selector-tag">b</span>) 产生指定范围内的随机浮点数</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-selector-tag">random</span><span
class="hljs-selector-class">.randint</span>(<span class="hljs-selector-tag">a</span>, <span
class="hljs-selector-tag">b</span>) 产生指定范围内的随机整数</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-selector-tag">random</span><span class="hljs-selector-class">.randrange</span>(<span
class="hljs-selector-attr">[start]</span>, <span class="hljs-selector-tag">stop</span><span
class="hljs-selector-attr">[, step]</span>) 从一个指定步长的集合中产生随机数</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-selector-tag">random</span><span
class="hljs-selector-class">.choice</span>(<span
class="hljs-selector-tag">sequence</span>) 从序列中产生一个随机数</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-selector-tag">random</span><span
class="hljs-selector-class">.shuffle</span>(<span class="hljs-selector-tag">x</span><span
class="hljs-selector-attr">[, random]</span>) 将一个列表中的元素打乱</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-selector-tag">random</span><span
class="hljs-selector-class">.sample</span>(<span class="hljs-selector-tag">sequence</span>, <span
class="hljs-selector-tag">k</span>) 从序列中随机获取指定长度的片断</div></div></li></ol></code></pre>
<h1><a name="t6"></a><a name="t6"></a>types模块：</h1>
<pre class="has" name="code"><code class="language-python hljs"><ol class="hljs-ln"><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">保存了所有数据类型名称。</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> type(‘<span
class="hljs-number">1111</span>‘) == types.StringType:</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">MySQLdb模块：</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">MySQLdb.get_client_info() 获取API版本</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">MySQLdb.Binary(‘string‘) 转为二进制数据形式</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">MySQLdb.escape_string(‘str‘) 针对mysql的字符转义函数</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">MySQLdb.DateFromTicks(<span
class="hljs-number">1395842548</span>) 把时间戳转为datetime.date对象实例</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">MySQLdb.TimestampFromTicks(<span class="hljs-number">1395842548</span>) 把时间戳转为datetime.datetime对象实例</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">MySQLdb.string_literal(‘str‘) 字符转义</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">MySQLdb.cursor()游标对象上的方法：《python核心编程》P624</div></div></li></ol></code></pre>
<h1><a name="t7"></a><a name="t7"></a>atexit模块：</h1>
<pre class="has" name="code"><code class="language-python hljs">atexit.register(fun,args,args2..) 注册函数func，在解析器退出前调用该函数</code></pre>
<h1><a name="t8"></a><a name="t8"></a>string模块</h1>
<pre class="has" name="code"><code class="language-python hljs"><ol class="hljs-ln"><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.capitalize() 把字符串的第一个字符大写</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.center(width) 返回一个原字符串居中，并使用空格填充到width长度的新字符串</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.ljust(width) 返回一个原字符串左对齐，用空格填充到指定长度的新字符串</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.rjust(width) 返回一个原字符串右对齐，用空格填充到指定长度的新字符串</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.zfill(width) 返回字符串右对齐，前面用<span
class="hljs-number">0</span>填充到指定长度的新字符串</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">str.count(str,[beg,len]) 返回子字符串在原字符串出现次数，beg,len是范围</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">str.decode(encodeing[,replace]) 解码string,出错引发ValueError异常</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.encode(encodeing[,replace]) 解码string</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">str.endswith(substr[,beg,end]) 字符串是否以substr结束，beg,end是范围</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">str.startswith(substr[,beg,end]) 字符串是否以substr开头，beg,end是范围</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.expandtabs(tabsize = <span class="hljs-number">8</span>) 把字符串的tab转为空格，默认为<span
class="hljs-number">8</span>个</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">str.find(str,[stat,end]) 查找子字符串在字符串第一次出现的位置，否则返回<span
class="hljs-number">-1</span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">str.index(str,[beg,end]) 查找子字符串在指定字符中的位置，不存在报异常</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.isalnum() 检查字符串是否以字母和数字组成，是返回true否则<span
class="hljs-keyword">False</span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">str.isalpha() 检查字符串是否以纯字母组成，是返回true,否则false</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.isdecimal() 检查字符串是否以纯十进制数字组成，返回布尔值</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.isdigit() 检查字符串是否以纯数字组成，返回布尔值</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.islower() 检查字符串是否全是小写，返回布尔值</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.isupper() 检查字符串是否全是大写，返回布尔值</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="20"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.isnumeric() 检查字符串是否只包含数字字符，返回布尔值</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="21"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.isspace() 如果str中只包含空格，则返回true,否则FALSE</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="22"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.title() 返回标题化的字符串（所有单词首字母大写，其余小写）</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="23"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">str.istitle() 如果字符串是标题化的(参见title())则返回true,否则false</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="24"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.join(seq) 以str作为连接符，将一个序列中的元素连接成字符串</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="25"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">str.split(str=‘‘,num) 以str作为分隔符，将一个字符串分隔成一个序列，num是被分隔的字符串</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="26"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.splitlines(num) 以行分隔，返回各行内容作为元素的列表</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="27"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.lower() 将大写转为小写</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="28"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.upper() 转换字符串的小写为大写</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="29"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.swapcase() 翻换字符串的大小写</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="30"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.lstrip() 去掉字符左边的空格和回车换行符</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="31"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.rstrip() 去掉字符右边的空格和回车换行符</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="32"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.strip() 去掉字符两边的空格和回车换行符</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="33"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.partition(substr) 从substr出现的第一个位置起，将str分割成一个<span
class="hljs-number">3</span>元组。</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="34"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">str.replace(str1,str2,num) 查找str1替换成str2，num是替换次数</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="35"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.rfind(str[,beg,end]) 从右边开始查询子字符串</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="36"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.rindex(str,[beg,end]) 从右边开始查找子字符串位置 </div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="37"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.rpartition(str) 类似partition函数，不过从右边开始查找</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="38"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">str.translate(str,<span class="hljs-keyword">del</span>=‘‘) 按str给出的表转换string的字符，<span
class="hljs-keyword">del</span>是要过虑的字符</div></div></li></ol></code></pre>
<h1><a name="t9"></a><a name="t9"></a>urllib模块：</h1>
<pre class="has" name="code"><code class="hljs go"><ol class="hljs-ln"><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">urllib.quote(<span class="hljs-keyword">string</span>[,safe]) 对字符串进行编码。参数safe指定了不需要编码的字符</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">urllib.unquote(<span class="hljs-keyword">string</span>) 对字符串进行解码</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">urllib.quote_plus(<span class="hljs-keyword">string</span>[,safe]) 与urllib.quote类似，但这个方法用‘+‘来替换‘ ‘，而quote用‘%<span
class="hljs-number">20</span>‘来代替‘ ‘</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">urllib.unquote_plus(<span
class="hljs-keyword">string</span> ) 对字符串进行解码</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">urllib.urlencode(query[,doseq]) 将dict或者包含两个元素的元组列表转换成url参数。</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">例如 字典{‘name‘:‘wklken‘,‘pwd‘:‘<span
class="hljs-number">123</span>‘}将被转换为”name=wklken&pwd=<span class="hljs-number">123</span>″</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">urllib.pathname2url(path) 将本地路径转换成url路径</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">urllib.url2pathname(path) 将url路径转换成本地路径</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">urllib.urlretrieve(url[,filename[,reporthook[,data]]]) 下载远程数据到本地</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">filename：指定保存到本地的路径（若未指定该，urllib生成一个临时文件保存数据）</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">reporthook：回调函数，当连接上服务器、以及相应的数据块传输完毕的时候会触发该回调</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">data：指post到服务器的数据</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">rulrs = urllib.urlopen(url[,data[,proxies]]) 抓取网页信息，[data]post数据到Url,proxies设置的代理</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">urlrs.readline() 跟文件对象使用一样</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">urlrs.readlines() 跟文件对象使用一样</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">urlrs.fileno() 跟文件对象使用一样</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">urlrs.<span
class="hljs-built_in">close</span>() 跟文件对象使用一样</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">urlrs.info() 返回一个httplib.HTTPMessage对象，表示远程服务器返回的头信息</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">urlrs.getcode() 获取请求返回状态HTTP状态码</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="20"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">urlrs.geturl() 返回请求的URL</div></div></li></ol></code></pre>
<h1><a name="t10"></a><a name="t10"></a>re模块：</h1>
<pre class="has" name="code"><code class="language-python hljs"><ol class="hljs-ln" style="width:1849px"><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">一.常用正则表达式符号和语法：</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span
class="hljs-string">'.'</span> 匹配所有字符串，除\n以外</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">‘-’ 表示范围[<span class="hljs-number">0</span><span
class="hljs-number">-9</span>]</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'*'</span> 匹配前面的子表达式零次或多次。要匹配 * 字符，请使用 \*。</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'+'</span> 匹配前面的子表达式一次或多次。要匹配 + 字符，请使用 \+</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'^'</span> 匹配字符串开头</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">‘$’ 匹配字符串结尾 re</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'\' 转义字符， 使后一个字符改变原来的意思，如果字符串中有字符*需要匹配，可以\*或者字符集[*] re.findall(r'</span><span
class="hljs-number">3</span>\*<span class="hljs-string">','</span><span class="hljs-number">3</span>*ds<span
class="hljs-string">')结['</span><span class="hljs-number">3</span>*<span class="hljs-string"><span
class="hljs-string">']</span></span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'</span>*<span class="hljs-string">' 匹配前面的字符0次或多次 re.findall("ab*","cabc3abcbbac")结果：['</span>a<span
class="hljs-string">b', '</span>a<span class="hljs-string">b', '</span>a<span class="hljs-string"><span
class="hljs-string">']</span></span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">‘?’ 匹配前一个字符串0次或1次 re.findall('</span>ab?<span
class="hljs-string">','</span>abcabcabcad<span class="hljs-string">f')结果['</span>a<span class="hljs-string">b', '</span>a<span
class="hljs-string">b', '</span>a<span class="hljs-string">b', '</span>a<span class="hljs-string"><span
class="hljs-string">']</span></span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'</span>{m}<span
class="hljs-string">' 匹配前一个字符m次 re.findall('</span>cb{<span class="hljs-number">1</span>}<span
class="hljs-string">','</span>bchbchcbfbcb<span class="hljs-string">b')结果['</span>c<span
class="hljs-string">b', '</span>c<span class="hljs-string"><span class="hljs-string">b']</span></span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'</span>{n,m}<span
class="hljs-string">' 匹配前一个字符n到m次 re.findall('</span>cb{<span class="hljs-number">2</span>,<span
class="hljs-number">3</span>}<span class="hljs-string">','</span>bchbchcbfbcb<span class="hljs-string">b')结果['</span>cb<span
class="hljs-string"><span class="hljs-string">b']</span></span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'</span>\d<span
class="hljs-string">' 匹配数字，等于[0-9] re.findall('</span>\d<span class="hljs-string">','</span>电话:<span
class="hljs-number">10086</span><span class="hljs-string">')结果['</span><span
class="hljs-number">1</span><span class="hljs-string">', '</span><span class="hljs-number">0</span><span
class="hljs-string">', '</span><span class="hljs-number">0</span><span class="hljs-string">', '</span><span
class="hljs-number">8</span><span class="hljs-string">', '</span><span class="hljs-number">6</span><span
class="hljs-string"><span class="hljs-string">']</span></span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'</span>\D<span
class="hljs-string">' 匹配非数字，等于[^0-9] re.findall('</span>\D<span class="hljs-string">','</span>电话:<span
class="hljs-number">10086</span><span class="hljs-string">')结果['</span>电<span
class="hljs-string">', '</span>话<span class="hljs-string">', '</span>:<span class="hljs-string"><span
class="hljs-string">']</span></span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'</span>\w<span class="hljs-string">' 匹配字母和数字，等于[A-Za-z0-9] re.findall('</span>\w<span
class="hljs-string">','</span>alex123,./;;;<span class="hljs-string">')结果['</span>a<span
class="hljs-string">', '</span>l<span class="hljs-string">', '</span>e<span class="hljs-string">', '</span>x<span
class="hljs-string">', '</span><span class="hljs-number">1</span><span class="hljs-string">', '</span><span
class="hljs-number">2</span><span class="hljs-string">', '</span><span class="hljs-number">3</span><span
class="hljs-string"><span class="hljs-string">']</span></span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'</span>\W<span
class="hljs-string">' 匹配非英文字母和数字,等于[^A-Za-z0-9] re.findall('</span>\W<span class="hljs-string">','</span>alex123,./;;;<span
class="hljs-string">')结果['</span>,<span class="hljs-string">', '</span>.<span
class="hljs-string">', '</span>/<span class="hljs-string">', '</span>;<span class="hljs-string">', '</span>;<span
class="hljs-string">', '</span>;<span class="hljs-string"><span
class="hljs-string">']</span></span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'</span>\s<span
class="hljs-string">' 匹配空白字符 re.findall('</span>\s<span class="hljs-string">','</span><span
class="hljs-number">3</span>*ds \t\n<span class="hljs-string">')结果['</span> <span
class="hljs-string">', '</span>\t<span class="hljs-string">', '</span>\n<span class="hljs-string"><span
class="hljs-string">']</span></span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'</span>\S<span
class="hljs-string">' 匹配非空白字符 re.findall('</span>\s<span class="hljs-string">','</span><span
class="hljs-number">3</span>*ds \t\n<span class="hljs-string">')结果['</span><span
class="hljs-number">3</span><span class="hljs-string">', '</span>*<span
class="hljs-string">', '</span>d<span class="hljs-string">', '</span>s<span class="hljs-string"><span
class="hljs-string">']</span></span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'</span>\A<span class="hljs-string"><span
class="hljs-string">' 匹配字符串开头</span></span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="20"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'</span>\Z<span class="hljs-string"><span
class="hljs-string">' 匹配字符串结尾</span></span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="21"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'</span>\<span class="hljs-string"><span class="hljs-string">b' 匹配单词的词首和词尾，单词被定义为一个字母数字序列，因此词尾是用空白符或非字母数字符来表示的</span></span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="22"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'</span>\B<span
class="hljs-string"><span class="hljs-string">' 与\b相反，只在当前位置不在单词边界时匹配</span></span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="23"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">'</span>(?P<name>...)<span
class="hljs-string">' 分组，除了原有编号外在指定一个额外的别名 re.search("(?P<province>[0-9]{4})(?P<city>[0-9]{2})(?P<birthday>[0-9]{8})","371481199306143242").groupdict("city") 结果{'</span>province<span
class="hljs-string">': '</span><span class="hljs-number">3714</span><span class="hljs-string">', '</span>city<span
class="hljs-string">': '</span><span class="hljs-number">81</span><span class="hljs-string">', '</span>birthday<span
class="hljs-string">': '</span><span class="hljs-number">19930614</span><span class="hljs-string"><span
class="hljs-string">'}</span></span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="24"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">[] 是定义匹配的字符范围。比如 [a-zA-Z0-9] 表示相应位置的字符要匹配英文字符和数字。[\s*]表示空格或者*号。</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="25"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string"></span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="26"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string"></span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="27"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string"></span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="28"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">二.常用的re函数：</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="29"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">方法/属性 作用</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="30"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">re.match(pattern, string, flags=0) 从字符串的起始位置匹配，如果起始位置匹配不成功的话，match()就返回none</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="31"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">re.search(pattern, string, flags=0) 扫描整个字符串并返回第一个成功的匹配</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="32"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">re.findall(pattern, string, flags=0) 找到RE匹配的所有字符串，并把他们作为一个列表返回</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="33"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">re.finditer(pattern, string, flags=0) 找到RE匹配的所有字符串，并把他们作为一个迭代器返回</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="34"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line"><span class="hljs-string">re.sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0) 替换匹配到的字符串</span></div></div></li></ol></code></pre>
<h1><a name="t11"></a><a name="t11"></a>math模块</h1>
<pre class="has" name="code"><code class="language-python hljs"><ol class="hljs-ln"><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="1"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">ceil:取大于等于x的最小的整数值，如果x是一个整数，则返回x</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="2"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">copysign:把y的正负号加到x前面，可以使用<span
class="hljs-number">0</span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="3"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">cos:求x的余弦，x必须是弧度</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="4"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">degrees:把x从弧度转换成角度</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="5"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">e:表示一个常量</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="6"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">exp:返回math.e,也就是<span class="hljs-number">2.71828</span>的x次方</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="7"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">expm1:返回math.e的x(其值为<span class="hljs-number">2.71828</span>)次方的值减１</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="8"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">fabs:返回x的绝对值</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="9"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">factorial:取x的阶乘的值</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="10"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">floor:取小于等于x的最大的整数值，如果x是一个整数，则返回自身</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="11"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">fmod:得到x/y的余数，其值是一个浮点数</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="12"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">frexp:返回一个元组(m,e),其计算方式为：x分别除<span
class="hljs-number">0.5</span>和<span class="hljs-number">1</span>,得到一个值的范围</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="13"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">fsum:对迭代器里的每个元素进行求和操作</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="14"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">gcd:返回x和y的最大公约数</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="15"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">hypot:如果x是不是无穷大的数字,则返回<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>,否则返回<span
class="hljs-keyword">False</span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="16"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">isfinite:如果x是正无穷大或负无穷大，则返回<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>,否则返回<span
class="hljs-keyword">False</span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="17"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">isinf:如果x是正无穷大或负无穷大，则返回<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>,否则返回<span
class="hljs-keyword">False</span></div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="18"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">isnan:如果x不是数字<span class="hljs-keyword">True</span>,否则返回<span class="hljs-keyword">False</span></div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="19"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">ldexp:返回x*(<span
class="hljs-number">2</span>**i)的值</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="20"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">log:返回x的自然对数，默认以e为基数，base参数给定时，将x的对数返回给定的base,计算式为：log(x)/log(base)</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="21"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">log10:返回x的以<span
class="hljs-number">10</span>为底的对数</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="22"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">log1p:返回x+<span class="hljs-number">1</span>的自然对数(基数为e)的值</div></div></li><li><div
class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="23"></div></div><div
class="hljs-ln-code"><div class="hljs-ln-line">log2:返回x的基<span
class="hljs-number">2</span>对数</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="24"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">modf:返回由x的小数部分和整数部分组成的元组</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="25"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">pi:数字常量，圆周率</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="26"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">pow:返回x的y次方，即x**y</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="27"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">radians:把角度x转换成弧度</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="28"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">sin:求x(x为弧度)的正弦值</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="29"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">sqrt:求x的平方根</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="30"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">tan:返回x(x为弧度)的正切值</div></div></li><li><div class="hljs-ln-numbers"><div
class="hljs-ln-line hljs-ln-n" data-line-number="31"></div></div><div class="hljs-ln-code"><div
class="hljs-ln-line">trunc:返回x的整数部分</div></div></li></ol></code></pre>
