网络编程
1. 网络概念
把多台计算机通过物理线路连接起来,就形成了网络。目的在于交换数据和共享信息。
1)网络通信的三要素
【1】IP地址:唯一标识网络上的每一台计算机。两台计算机之间通信的必备有素
【2】端口号:计算机中应用的标号(代表一个应用程序)
0-1024系统使用或保留端口
常见端口:http:80 stmp: 25 ftp:21
有效端口0-65536,开发者可以的端口是1025-65536之间。一些第三方引用如mysql:3306 oracle:1251。
【3】通信协议:通信的规则TCP,UDP
2) 网络通信模型
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IP地址分类
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特殊IP
0.0.0.0:本机
127.0.0.1:本机回环地址,用于本机测试
255.255.255.255:当前子网,一般用于向当前子网广播信息
2. InetAddress
InetAddress 表示IP地址。
1 publicclass Test01 { 2 3 publicstaticvoid main(String[] args) { 4 5 // 获取本机IP地址 6 7 InetAddress ip1; 8 9 try { 10 11 ip1 = InetAddress.getLocalHost(); 12 13 // USER-20180113BT/192.168.2.56 14 15 System.out.println(ip1.toString()); 16 17 18 19 // 获取主机名称 20 21 System.out.println(ip1.getHostName()); 22 23 System.out.println(ip1.getHostAddress()); 24 25 26 27 } catch (UnknownHostException e) { 28 29 e.printStackTrace(); 30 31 } 32 33 } 34 35 }
3. TCP编程
TCP编程中,如果要完成通信,通信双方必须要创建socket,通过socket完成通信。
TCP通信步骤
[1]服务器启动ServerSocket作为通信的Server端,等待客户端链入。
[2]客户端创建Socket作为通信的Client端
[3]Client端链入Server端后建立可靠的、双向的、持续性的、点对点的通讯连接,即可通信。
案例:完成一次单向通信。
服务器端
1 package cn.sxt01.net01; 2 3 4 5 import java.io.IOException; 6 7 import java.io.OutputStream; 8 9 import java.net.ServerSocket; 10 11 import java.net.Socket; 12 13 14 15 publicclass Server01 { 16 17 publicstaticvoid main(String[] args) { 18 19 20 21 System.out.println("服务器启动..."); 22 23 24 25 // 【1】创建server socket 26 27 ServerSocket serverSocket = null; 28 29 Socket clientSocket = null; 30 31 try { 32 33 34 35 serverSocket = new ServerSocket(8000); 36 37 // 【2】等待客户端的链入->阻塞式函数->监听8000端口,看是否有client链入 38 39 clientSocket = serverSocket.accept(); 40 41 42 43 System.out.println(clientSocket.getInetAddress().getHostAddress()+"链入!"); 44 45 46 47 // 【3】给客户端主动发信息 48 49 OutputStream out = clientSocket.getOutputStream(); 50 51 52 53 String msg = "hello 兄弟"; 54 55 byte[] buf = msg.getBytes("UTF-8"); 56 57 out.write(buf); 58 59 clientSocket.shutdownOutput(); 60 61 62 63 out.close(); 64 65 66 67 68 69 } catch (IOException e) { 70 71 e.printStackTrace(); 72 73 } 74 75 } 76 77 }
客户端
1 package cn.sxt02.net01; 2 3 4 5 import java.io.IOException; 6 7 import java.io.InputStream; 8 9 import java.net.Socket; 10 11 12 13 publicclass Client01 { 14 15 publicstaticvoid main(String[] args) { 16 17 System.out.println("客户端运行..."); 18 19 20 21 // 【1】创建客户端socket 22 23 Socket socket = null; 24 25 try { 26 27 socket = new Socket("192.168.2.56", 8000); 28 29 30 31 // 【2】接收来自服务器的消息 32 33 InputStream in = socket.getInputStream(); 34 35 byte[] buf = newbyte[1024]; 36 37 intlen = in.read(buf); 38 39 40 41 String msg = new String(buf, 0, len, "UTF-8"); 42 43 System.out.println(msg); 44 45 46 47 } catch (IOException e) { 48 49 e.printStackTrace(); 50 51 } 52 53 } 54 55 }
常见问题
[1]端口被占用
java.net.BindException: Address already in use: JVM_Bind at java.net.DualStackPlainSocketImpl.bind0(Native Method) at java.net.DualStackPlainSocketImpl.socketBind(DualStackPlainSocketImpl.java:106) at java.net.AbstractPlainSocketImpl.bind(AbstractPlainSocketImpl.java:387) at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.bind(PlainSocketImpl.java:190) at java.net.ServerSocket.bind(ServerSocket.java:375) at java.net.ServerSocket.<init>(ServerSocket.java:237) at java.net.ServerSocket.<init>(ServerSocket.java:128) at cn.sxt01.net02.Server01.main(Server01.java:19) |
[2]服务器未启动
java.net.ConnectException: Connection refused: connect at java.net.DualStackPlainSocketImpl.connect0(Native Method) at java.net.DualStackPlainSocketImpl.socketConnect(DualStackPlainSocketImpl.java:79) at cn.sxt02.net02.Client01.main(Client01.java:15) |
[3]连接超时异常SocketTimeoutException
当网速很慢时,可能发生连接超时异常。
需求:在控制台输入用户名和密码,如果输入正确提示登录成功,否则登录失败。
服务器端
1 public class Test01 { 2 public static void main(String[]args) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException{ 3 4 System.out.println("服务器启动中..."); 5 ServerSocket serverSocket=new ServerSocket(11000); 6 while(true){ 7 Socket clinetSocket=serverSocket.accept(); 8 MyThread myThread=new MyThread(clinetSocket); 9 myThread.start(); 10 } 11 } 12 }
1 public class MyThread extends Thread { 2 3 private Socket socket; 4 5 public MyThread() { 6 super(); 7 } 8 9 public MyThread(Socket socket) { 10 super(); 11 this.socket = socket; 12 } 13 @Override 14 public void run() { 15 InputStream in=null; 16 ObjectInputStream ois=null; 17 OutputStream out=null; 18 DataOutputStream dos=null; 19 20 try { 21 //接收来自客户端的信息 22 in=socket.getInputStream(); 23 ois=new ObjectInputStream(in); 24 User user= (User) ois.readObject(); 25 socket.shutdownInput(); 26 27 String str; 28 if(user.getName().equals("111") && user.getPwd().equals("123")){ 29 str="成功登陆"; 30 }else{ 31 str="用户名或密码错误,登陆失败"; 32 } 33 //返回给客户端的信息 34 out=socket.getOutputStream(); 35 dos=new DataOutputStream(out); 36 dos.writeUTF(str); 37 socket.shutdownOutput(); 38 39 in.close(); 40 ois.close(); 41 dos.close(); 42 out.close(); 43 socket.close(); 44 } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { 45 e.printStackTrace(); 46 } catch (IOException e) { 47 e.printStackTrace(); 48 } 49 } 50 }
1 public class User implements Serializable { 2 3 private static final long serialVersionUID = 4478328638580552366L; 4 private String name; 5 private String pwd; 6 7 public String getName() { 8 return name; 9 } 10 11 public void setName(String name) { 12 this.name = name; 13 } 14 15 public String getPwd() { 16 return pwd; 17 } 18 19 public void setPwd(String pwd) { 20 this.pwd = pwd; 21 } 22 23 public User() { 24 super(); 25 } 26 27 public User(String name, String pwd) { 28 super(); 29 this.name = name; 30 this.pwd = pwd; 31 } 32 33 @Override 34 public String toString() { 35 return "User [name=" + name + ", pwd=" + pwd + "]"; 36 } 37 38 }
客户端
1 public class Test01 { 2 public static void main(String [] args){ 3 4 Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in); 5 System.out.println("请输入登录名:"); 6 String name=sc.nextLine(); 7 8 System.out.println("请输入密码:"); 9 String pwd=sc.nextLine(); 10 11 User user=new User(name,pwd); 12 13 try { 14 // 传输请求给服务器 15 Socket socket=new Socket("127.0.0.1",11000); 16 OutputStream out=socket.getOutputStream(); 17 ObjectOutputStream oos=new ObjectOutputStream(out); 18 19 oos.writeObject(user); 20 socket.shutdownOutput(); 21 22 //接收来自服务器的信息 23 InputStream in=socket.getInputStream(); 24 DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream(in); 25 26 String str=dis.readUTF(); 27 System.out.println(str); 28 29 30 } catch (UnknownHostException e) { 31 e.printStackTrace(); 32 } catch (IOException e) { 33 e.printStackTrace(); 34 } 35 36 37 } 38 }
1 public class User implements Serializable { 2 3 private static final long serialVersionUID = 4478328638580552366L; 4 private String name; 5 private String pwd; 6 7 public String getName() { 8 return name; 9 } 10 11 public void setName(String name) { 12 this.name = name; 13 } 14 15 public String getPwd() { 16 return pwd; 17 } 18 19 public void setPwd(String pwd) { 20 this.pwd = pwd; 21 } 22 23 public User() { 24 super(); 25 } 26 27 public User(String name, String pwd) { 28 super(); 29 this.name = name; 30 this.pwd = pwd; 31 } 32 33 @Override 34 public String toString() { 35 return "User [name=" + name + ", pwd=" + pwd + "]"; 36 } 37 38 }
4. UDP编程
UDP编程中,如果要完成通信,通信双方必须要创建DatagramSocket,通过DatagramSocket完成通信。
数据报包用来实现无连接包投递服务。每条报文仅根据该包中包含的信息从一台机器路由到另一台机器
UDP步骤:
[1]创建一个DatagramSocket用于表示发送端,通过send方法发送数据报
[2]创建一个DatagramSocket用于表示接收端,通过receive方法接收数据报
先运行接收端,再运行发送端!!!
需求:完成一次单向的UDP通信。
发送端
1 public static void main(String[] args) { 2 3 4 5 // 发送端:主动发送信息 6 7 System.out.println("发送端开始发送信息..."); 8 9 // 【1】创建socket并指定发送数据的端口 10 11 DatagramSocketsocket = null; 12 13 try { 14 15 socket = newDatagramSocket(8000); 16 17 18 19 // 【2】创建数据报包 20 21 String msg = "hello B"; 22 23 byte[] buf = msg.getBytes("UTF-8"); 24 25 DatagramPacketdp = newDatagramPacket(buf, buf.length, InetAddress.getLocalHost(), 9000); 26 27 28 29 // 【3】发送 30 31 socket.send(dp); 32 33 34 35 // 【4】关闭 36 37 socket.close(); 38 39 } catch (SocketExceptione) { 40 41 e.printStackTrace(); 42 43 } catch (UnsupportedEncodingExceptione) { 44 45 e.printStackTrace(); 46 47 } catch (UnknownHostExceptione) { 48 49 e.printStackTrace(); 50 51 } catch (IOExceptione) { 52 53 e.printStackTrace(); 54 55 } 56 57 }
接收端
1 public static void main(String[] args) { 2 3 // 接收端:接收信息 4 5 System.out.println("启动接收端..."); 6 7 // 【1】创建一个DatagramSocket 8 9 DatagramSocketsocket = null; 10 11 try { 12 13 socket = newDatagramSocket(9000); 14 15 // 【2】接收消息 16 17 byte[] buf = newbyte[1024]; 18 19 DatagramPacketdp = newDatagramPacket(buf, buf.length); 20 21 System.out.println("等待接收信息..."); 22 23 socket.receive(dp); 24 25 System.out.println("接收完成..."); 26 27 28 29 // 处理接收的信息 30 31 String msg = new String(buf, 0, dp.getLength(), "UTF-8"); 32 33 System.out.println(msg); 34 35 36 37 } catch (SocketExceptione) { 38 39 e.printStackTrace(); 40 41 } catch (IOExceptione) { 42 43 e.printStackTrace(); 44 45 } 46 47 }
需求:实现双向通信
发送端
1 public static void main(String[] args) { 2 3 4 5 // 发送端:主动发送信息 6 7 System.out.println("发送端开始发送信息..."); 8 9 Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); 10 11 // 【1】创建socket并指定发送数据的端口 12 13 DatagramSocketsocket = null; 14 15 try { 16 17 socket = newDatagramSocket(8000); 18 19 20 21 for(;;) { 22 23 System.out.print("A说:"); 24 25 String msg = sc.nextLine(); 26 27 byte[] buf = msg.getBytes("UTF-8"); 28 29 DatagramPacketdp = newDatagramPacket(buf, buf.length, InetAddress.getLocalHost(), 9000); 30 31 32 33 // 【3】发送 34 35 socket.send(dp); 36 37 38 39 40 41 // 接收消息 42 43 byte[] revBuf = newbyte[1024]; 44 45 DatagramPacketrevDp = newDatagramPacket(revBuf,revBuf.length); 46 47 socket.receive(revDp); 48 49 String revStr = newString(revBuf, 0, revDp.getLength(), "UTF-8"); 50 51 System.out.println(dp.getAddress().getHostName()+":"+revStr); 52 53 } 54 55 56 57 } catch (SocketExceptione) { 58 59 e.printStackTrace(); 60 61 } catch (UnsupportedEncodingExceptione) { 62 63 e.printStackTrace(); 64 65 } catch (UnknownHostExceptione) { 66 67 e.printStackTrace(); 68 69 } catch (IOExceptione) { 70 71 e.printStackTrace(); 72 73 }finally { 74 75 // 【4】关闭 76 77 socket.close(); 78 79 } 80 81 }
接收端
1 public static void main(String[] args) { 2 3 // 接收端:接收信息 4 5 System.out.println("启动接收端..."); 6 7 Scannersc = new Scanner(System.in); 8 9 // 【1】创建一个DatagramSocket 10 11 DatagramSocketsocket = null; 12 13 14 15 try { 16 17 socket = newDatagramSocket(9000); 18 19 20 21 for(;;) { 22 23 // 接收信息 24 25 byte[] buf = newbyte[1024]; 26 27 DatagramPacketdp = newDatagramPacket(buf, buf.length); 28 29 socket.receive(dp); 30 31 String msg = new String(buf, 0, dp.getLength(), "UTF-8"); 32 33 System.out.println(dp.getAddress().getHostName()+":"+msg); 34 35 36 37 // 发送信息 38 39 System.out.println("B说:"); 40 41 String sendMsg = sc.nextLine(); 42 43 byte[] sendBuf = sendMsg.getBytes("UTF-8"); 44 45 DatagramPacketsendDp = newDatagramPacket(sendBuf, 0, sendBuf.length, dp.getAddress(), dp.getPort()); 46 47 socket.send(sendDp); 48 49 } 50 51 52 53 } catch (SocketExceptione) { 54 55 e.printStackTrace(); 56 57 } catch (IOExceptione) { 58 59 e.printStackTrace(); 60 61 }finally { 62 63 socket.close(); 64 65 } 66 67 }