Qt+QtWebApp开发笔记(三):http服务器动态html连接跳转基础交互
前言
网页很多时候是动态的,于是本篇文章目标实现一个简答的动态页面—页静态页面互相跳转,点击可以跳转到子页面。
上一篇的“Hello World”应用程序确实输出了简单的纯文本。但网络的语言是HTML。因此,让看看如何生成HTML。将输出当前时间,并显示列表对象中的一些数据。
与第一个HelloWorldController类似,创建另一个名为ListDataController的新类。
#ifndef LISTDATACONTROLLER_H
#define LISTDATACONTROLLER_H
#include <QList>
#include <QString>
#include "httprequesthandler.h"
using namespace stefanfrings;
class ListDataController: public HttpRequestHandler {
Q_OBJECT
public:
ListDataController(QObject* parent=0);
void service(HttpRequest& request, HttpResponse& response);
private:
QList<QString> list;
};
#endif // LISTDATACONTROLLER_H
#include <QTime>
#include "listdatacontroller.h"
ListDataController::ListDataController(QObject* parent)
: HttpRequestHandler(parent) {
list.append("Robert");
list.append("Lisa");
list.append("Hannah");
list.append("Ludwig");
list.append("Miranda");
list.append("Francesco");
list.append("Kim");
list.append("Jacko");
}
void ListDataController::service(HttpRequest &request, HttpResponse &response) {
response.setHeader("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=UTF-8");
response.write("<html><body>");
response.write("The time is ");
QString now=QTime::currentTime().toString("HH:mm:ss");
response.write(now.toUtf8());
response.write("<p>List of names:");
response.write("<table border='1' cellspacing='0'>");
for(int i=0; i<list.size(); i++) {
QString number=QString::number(i);
QString name=list.at(i);
response.write("<tr><td>");
response.write(number.toUtf8());
response.write("</td><td>");
response.write(name.toUtf8());
response.write("</td></tr>");
}
response.write("</table>");
response.write("</body></header>",true);
}
构造函数用一些名称填充列表。该服务方法输出一个具有当前时间的HTML文档和一个显示列表对象内容的表。
请注意,在编写文档之前设置了一个HTTP响应头,它告诉浏览器使用的文件格式(请参阅Internet Media Types)和字符编码。
用新的控制器替换main.cpp中的控制器:
#include "listdatacontroller.h"
new HttpListener(listenerSettings,new ListDataController(&app),&app);
运行并测试应用程序。输出应该是这样的:
现在在应用程序中有两个不同的控制器类,但一次只能使用一个。现在创建一个“RequestMapper”类,它将在两个控制器之间切换。和以前一样,新类再次从HttpRequestHandler继承。
#ifndef REQUESTMAPPER_H
#define REQUESTMAPPER_H
#include "httprequesthandler.h"
using namespace stefanfrings;
class RequestMapper : public HttpRequestHandler {
Q_OBJECT
public:
RequestMapper(QObject* parent=0);
void service(HttpRequest& request, HttpResponse& response);
};
#endif // REQUESTMAPPER_H
#include "requestmapper.h"
#include "helloworldcontroller.h"
#include "listdatacontroller.h"
RequestMapper::RequestMapper(QObject* parent)
: HttpRequestHandler(parent) {
// empty
}
void RequestMapper::service(HttpRequest& request, HttpResponse& response) {
QByteArray path=request.getPath();
qDebug("RequestMapper: path=%s",path.data());
if (path=="/" || path=="/hello") {
HelloWorldController().service(request, response);
}
else if (path=="/list") {
ListDataController().service(request, response);
}
else {
response.setStatus(404,"Not found");
response.write("The URL is wrong, no such document.",true);
}
qDebug("RequestMapper: finished request");
}
用新的请求映射程序替换main.cpp中的旧控制器:
#include "requestmapper.h"
new HttpListener(listenerSettings,new RequestMapper(&app),&app);
请求映射器根据请求的路径调用两个控制器中的一个。所以
- 当打开http://localhost:8080/或http://localhost:8080/hello,会看到“Hello World”页面。
- 当打开http://localhost:8080/list,获得姓名列表。
例如,如果试图打开任何错误的URLhttp://localhost:8080/lalala,然后会收到错误消息“URL错误…”以及状态代码404,这是“未找到”的技术值。一些程序使用它来处理错误。如果没有设置状态代码,那么将使用默认的200,这意味着“成功”。请参阅维基百科中的HTTP状态代码列表。
如果多个并发HTTP请求同时传入,那么service()方法将并行执行多次。所以这个方法是多线程的。当访问在service()方法外部声明的变量时,必须考虑这一点。
请求映射器是“singleton”或处于“application scope”,因为它只有一个实例。
两个控制器类(HelloWorldController和ListDataController)位于“请求范围”中,这意味着每个请求都由该类的新实例处理。这会降低一些性能,但会稍微简化编程。
一个小的修改将两个控制器类的范围更改为“应用程序范围”。(PS:这个就是每次运行的时候,不是去新new)
#ifndef REQUESTMAPPER_H
#define REQUESTMAPPER_H
#include "httprequesthandler.h"
#include "helloworldcontroller.h"
#include "listdatacontroller.h"
using namespace stefanfrings;
class RequestMapper : public HttpRequestHandler {
Q_OBJECT
public:
RequestMapper(QObject* parent=0);
void service(HttpRequest& request, HttpResponse& response);
private:
HelloWorldController helloWorldController;
ListDataController listDataController;
};
#endif // REQUESTMAPPER_H
#include "requestmapper.h"
RequestMapper::RequestMapper(QObject* parent)
: HttpRequestHandler(parent) {
// empty
}
void RequestMapper::service(HttpRequest& request, HttpResponse& response) {
QByteArray path=request.getPath();
qDebug("RequestMapper: path=%s",path.data());
if (path=="/" || path=="/hello") {
helloWorldController.service(request, response);
}
else if (path=="/list") {
listDataController.service(request, response);
}
else {
response.setStatus(404,"Not found");
response.write("The URL is wrong, no such document.");
}
qDebug("RequestMapper: finished request");
}
现在,每个请求都只重新使用一个HelloWorldController或ListDataController实例。在启动期间只创建一次,因为HttpRequestMapper也只存在一次。
使用会话后,还可以为每个会话创建控制器实例,并将它们存储在会话存储中。然后就有了一个“会话范围”。会话将在后面进行解释。
按照上面得,实际上就是刚开始出一个列表,/和/hello会出现helloworld,而/list则会返回list列表,这是直接通过url后得子网页来切换(PS:并不是通过点击主页面来切换,这个后面会解说到)。
其实这个对于做网页得很简单,就是一个点击超连接,只是跳转到内部,使用<a>来实现的。
准备之前的demo模板:
copy原来的helloworld改成index(PS:不管又不有index,直接网站也是跳入index.html页面)。
修改完类相关信息。
// 启动http的监听
{
if(!_pHttpListenerSettings)
{
_pHttpListenerSettings = new QSettings(httpServerPath, QSettings::IniFormat);
}
_pHttpListenerSettings->beginGroup("listener");
// _pHttpListener = new HttpListener(_pHttpListenerSettings, new HelloWorldRequestHandler);
_pHttpListener = new HttpListener(_pHttpListenerSettings, new IndexRequestHandler);
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>长沙红胖子Qt</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>好, 长沙红胖子 QQ:21497936 www.hpzwl.com"</p>
<p><a href="helloworld">Hello world!</a></p>
<p><a href="list">list</a></p>
</body>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>长沙红胖子Qt</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="javascript:history.back(-1);">返回上一页</a>
<table border="2">
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td>
<td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td>
<td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
这里有个乱码问题,请查看“入坑一”:
void IndexRequestHandler::service(HttpRequest &request, HttpResponse &response)
{
QString str;
QString path = request.getPath();
LOG << path;
if(path == "/" || path == "/index")
{
str += "<!DOCTYPE html>"
"<html lang=\"en\">"
"<head>"
"<meta charset=\"UTF-8\">"
"<meta http-equiv=\"X-UA-Compatible\" content=\"IE=edge\">"
"<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">"
"<title>长沙红胖子Qt</title>"
"</head>"
"<body>"
" <p>好, 长沙红胖子 QQ:21497936 www.hpzwl.com</p>"
" <p><a href=\"helloworld\">Hello world!</a></p>"
" <p><a href=\"list\">list</a></p>"
"</body>";
}else if(path == "/helloworld")
{
helloWorldRequestHandler.service(request, response);
return;
}else if(path == "/list")
{
listRequestHandler.service(request, response);
return;
}else {
response.setStatus(404,"Not found");
str = "The URL is wrong, no such document.";
}
// 返回文本(需要在浏览器上看,所以将Qt内部编码都转成GBK输出即可,不管他本身是哪个编码)
// QByteArray byteArray = _pTextCodec->fromUnicode(str);
QByteArray byteArray = str.toUtf8();
response.write(byteArray);
}
修改好宏类名,然后嵌入list.html页面:
void ListRequestHandler::service(HttpRequest &request, HttpResponse &response)
{
QString str;
LOG << request.getPath();
str = "<!DOCTYPE html>"
"<html lang=\"en\">"
"<head>"
"<meta charset=\"UTF-8\">"
"<meta http-equiv=\"X-UA-Compatible\" content=\"IE=edge\">"
"<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">"
"<title>长沙红胖子Qt</title>"
"</head>"
"<body>"
"<a href=\"javascript:history.back(-1);\">返回上一页</a>"
"<table border=\"2\">"
" <tr>"
" <td>row 1, cell 1</td>"
" <td>row 1, cell 2</td>"
" </tr>"
" <tr>"
" <td>row 2, cell 1</td>"
" <td>row 2, cell 2</td>"
" </tr>"
" </table>"
"</body>";
// 返回文本(需要在浏览器上看,所以将Qt内部编码都转成GBK输出即可,不管他本身是哪个编码)
// QByteArray byteArray = _pTextCodec->fromUnicode(str);
QByteArray byteArray = str.toUtf8();
response.write(byteArray);
}
#ifndef INDEXREQUESTHANDLER_H
#define INDEXREQUESTHANDLER_H
#include "httprequesthandler.h"
#include "HelloWorldRequestHandler.h"
#include "ListRequestHandler.h"
using namespace stefanfrings;
class IndexRequestHandler : public HttpRequestHandler
{
public:
IndexRequestHandler(QObject *parent = 0);
public:
void service(HttpRequest& request, HttpResponse& response);
private:
QTextCodec *_pTextCodec;
private:
HelloWorldRequestHandler helloWorldRequestHandler; // hellowold消息处理
ListRequestHandler listRequestHandler; // list消息处理
};
#endif // INDEXREQUESTHANDLER_H
#include "IndexRequestHandler.h"
#include "ListRequestHandler.h"
#include <QTextCodec>
#include <QDebug>
#include <QDateTime>
//#define LOG qDebug()<<__FILE__<<__LINE__
//#define LOG qDebug()<<__FILE__<<__LINE__<<__FUNCTION__
//#define LOG qDebug()<<__FILE__<<__LINE__<<QThread()::currentThread()
//#define LOG qDebug()<<__FILE__<<__LINE__<<QDateTime::currentDateTime().toString("yyyy-MM-dd")
#define LOG qDebug()<<__FILE__<<__LINE__<<QDateTime::currentDateTime().toString("yyyy-MM-dd hh:mm:ss:zzz")
using namespace stefanfrings;
IndexRequestHandler::IndexRequestHandler(QObject *parent)
: HttpRequestHandler(parent)
{
// 返回文本(需要在浏览器上看,所以将Qt内部编码都转成GBK输出即可,不管他本身是哪个编码)
// WINDOWS: GBK GB2312
// LINUX : urf-8
// _pTextCodec = QTextCodec::codecForName("utf-8");
_pTextCodec = QTextCodec::codecForName("GBK");
}
void IndexRequestHandler::service(HttpRequest &request, HttpResponse &response)
{
QString str;
QString path = request.getPath();
LOG << path;
if(path == "/" || path == "/index")
{
str += "<!DOCTYPE html>"
"<html lang=\"en\">"
"<head>"
"<meta charset=\"UTF-8\">"
"<meta http-equiv=\"X-UA-Compatible\" content=\"IE=edge\">"
"<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">"
"<title>长沙红胖子Qt</title>"
"</head>"
"<body>"
" <p>好, 长沙红胖子 QQ:21497936 www.hpzwl.com</p>"
" <p><a href=\"helloworld\">Hello world!</a></p>"
" <p><a href=\"list\">list</a></p>"
"</body>";
}else if(path == "/helloworld")
{
helloWorldRequestHandler.service(request, response);
return;
}else if(path == "/list")
{
listRequestHandler.service(request, response);
return;
}else {
response.setStatus(404,"Not found");
str = "The URL is wrong, no such document.";
}
// 返回文本(需要在浏览器上看,所以将Qt内部编码都转成GBK输出即可,不管他本身是哪个编码)
// QByteArray byteArray = _pTextCodec->fromUnicode(str);
QByteArray byteArray = str.toUtf8();
response.write(byteArray);
}
#ifndef LISTREQUESTHANDLER_H
#define LISTREQUESTHANDLER_H
#include "httprequesthandler.h"
using namespace stefanfrings;
class ListRequestHandler : public HttpRequestHandler
{
public:
ListRequestHandler(QObject *parent = 0);
public:
void service(HttpRequest& request, HttpResponse& response);
private:
QTextCodec *_pTextCodec;
};
#endif // LISTREQUESTHANDLER_H
#include "ListRequestHandler.h"
#include <QTextCodec>
#include <QDebug>
#include <QDateTime>
//#define LOG qDebug()<<__FILE__<<__LINE__
//#define LOG qDebug()<<__FILE__<<__LINE__<<__FUNCTION__
//#define LOG qDebug()<<__FILE__<<__LINE__<<QThread()::currentThread()
//#define LOG qDebug()<<__FILE__<<__LINE__<<QDateTime::currentDateTime().toString("yyyy-MM-dd")
#define LOG qDebug()<<__FILE__<<__LINE__<<QDateTime::currentDateTime().toString("yyyy-MM-dd hh:mm:ss:zzz")
using namespace stefanfrings;
ListRequestHandler::ListRequestHandler(QObject *parent)
: HttpRequestHandler(parent)
{
// 返回文本(需要在浏览器上看,所以将Qt内部编码都转成GBK输出即可,不管他本身是哪个编码)
// WINDOWS: GBK GB2312
// LINUX : urf-8
// _pTextCodec = QTextCodec::codecForName("utf-8");
_pTextCodec = QTextCodec::codecForName("GBK");
}
void ListRequestHandler::service(HttpRequest &request, HttpResponse &response)
{
QString str;
LOG << request.getPath();
str = "<!DOCTYPE html>"
"<html lang=\"en\">"
"<head>"
"<meta charset=\"UTF-8\">"
"<meta http-equiv=\"X-UA-Compatible\" content=\"IE=edge\">"
"<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">"
"<title>长沙红胖子Qt</title>"
"</head>"
"<body>"
"<a href=\"javascript:history.back(-1);\">返回上一页</a>"
"<table border=\"2\">"
" <tr>"
" <td>row 1, cell 1</td>"
" <td>row 1, cell 2</td>"
" </tr>"
" <tr>"
" <td>row 2, cell 1</td>"
" <td>row 2, cell 2</td>"
" </tr>"
" </table>"
"</body>";
// 返回文本(需要在浏览器上看,所以将Qt内部编码都转成GBK输出即可,不管他本身是哪个编码)
// QByteArray byteArray = _pTextCodec->fromUnicode(str);
QByteArray byteArray = str.toUtf8();
response.write(byteArray);
}
乱码
之前的网页没有编码,直接转换的,新建的页面有编码,标识了utf-8,所以无需转码gbk了。
当表示好页面的编码未utf-8之后,则无需字符转换编码。