MySQL主从搭建,读写分离
一、主从配置
# mysql主从配置的流程大体如图: 1)master会将变动记录到二进制日志里面; 2)master有一个I/O线程将二进制日志发送到slave; 3) slave有一个I/O线程把master发送的二进制写入到relay日志里面; 4)slave有一个SQL线程,按照relay日志处理slave的数据;
二、操作
正常是准备两台安装好Mysql的服务器,这里就用Docker来做演示
用Docker拉起两个mysql容器,步骤如下:
# 拉取mysql5.7镜像 docker pull mysql:5.7 #在home目录下创建mysql文件夹,下面创建data和conf.d文件夹 mkdir /home/mysql mkdir /home/mysql/conf.d mkdir /home/mysql/data/ # 创建my.cnf配置文件 touch /home/mysql/my.cnf mkdir /home/mysql2 mkdir /home/mysql2/conf.d mkdir /home/mysql2/data/ touch /home/mysql2/my.cnf # 主库配置 [mysqld] user=mysql character-set-server=utf8 default_authentication_plugin=mysql_native_password secure_file_priv=/var/lib/mysql expire_logs_days=7 sql_mode=STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION max_connections=1000 server-id=100 log-bin=mysql-bin [client] default-character-set=utf8 [mysql] default-character-set=utf8 # 从库配置 [mysqld] user=mysql character-set-server=utf8 default_authentication_plugin=mysql_native_password secure_file_priv=/var/lib/mysql expire_logs_days=7 sql_mode=STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION max_connections=1000 server-id=101 log-bin=mysql-slave-bin relay_log=edu-mysql-relay-bin [client] default-character-set=utf8 [mysql] default-character-set=utf8 # 拉起容器 #启动主库容器(挂载外部目录,端口映射成33307,密码设置为123456) docker run -di -v /home/mysql/data/:/var/lib/mysql -v /home/mysql/conf.d:/etc/mysql/conf.d -v /home/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf -p 33307:3306 --name mysql-master -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 mysql:5.7 #启动从库容器(挂载外部目录,端口映射成33306,密码设置为123456) docker run -di -v /home/mysql2/data/:/var/lib/mysql -v /home/mysql2/conf.d:/etc/mysql/conf.d -v /home/mysql2/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf -p 33306:3306 --name mysql-slave -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 mysql:5.7
远程连接入主库和从库
#连接主库 mysql -h 172.16.209.100 -P 33307 -u root -p123456 #在主库创建用户并授权 ##创建test用户 create user 'test'@'%' identified by '123'; ##授权用户 grant all privileges on *.* to 'test'@'%' ; ###刷新权限 flush privileges; #查看主服务器状态(显示如下图) show master status;
#连接从库 mysql -h 172.16.209.100 -P 33306 -u root -p123456 #配置详解 /* change master to master_host='MySQL主服务器IP地址', master_user='之前在MySQL主服务器上面创建的用户名', master_password='之前创建的密码', master_log_file='MySQL主服务器状态中的二进制文件名', master_log_pos='MySQL主服务器状态中的position值'; */ #命令如下 change master to master_host='101.133.225.166',master_port=33307,master_user='test',master_password='123',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000003',master_log_pos=736; #启用从库 start slave; #查看从库状态(如下图) show slave status\G;
若是Slave_IO_Running为Connecting:则可能是防火墙问题
# //临时关闭 systemctl stop firewalld # //禁止开机启动防火墙 systemctl disable firewalld
三、Django实现读写分离:
配置settings:
DATABASES = { # 只写 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql', 'NAME': 'test', 'USER': 'root', 'PASSWORD': '123456', 'HOST': '10.0.0.200', 'PORT': 33307, }, # 只读 'db1': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql', 'NAME': 'test', 'USER': 'root', 'PASSWORD': '123456', 'HOST': '10.0.0.200', 'PORT': 33306, } }
手动指定:
def index(request): # 手动指定哪个库 res = models.Book.objects.using('default').create(name='jpm', price=66.3) print(res.name) res1 = models.Book.objects.using('db1').all().first() print(res1.name) return HttpResponse('ok')
自动配置:
# 在任意位置创建一个py文件: -read&write.py class Routers: def db_for_read(self, model, **hints): return 'db1' # 只读配置 def db_for_write(self, model, **hints): return 'default' # 只写配置 # 然后在settings里面注册: # 注册 DATABASE_ROUTERS = ['read&write.Routers']
更细的:
# 更细粒度 class Routers: def db_for_read(self, model, **hints): if model._meta.model_name == 'book': return 'db1' else: return 'default' def db_for_write(self, model, **hints): return 'default'
tips:
# 在数据库迁移时,可以指定把哪个app的表结构迁移到哪个库 python manage.py migrate app01 --database=default