python接口自动化之requests学习
python接口自动化之requests学习
由于接口自动化测试需要用到python的第三方库--requests库，运用requests库可以模拟发送http请求，再结合unittest测试框架，就能进行接口自动化测试。
一：http协议介绍
http请求常见的是get和post请求方法
http协议的请求包含2部分：
request 客服端到服务器的一个请求：包含请求头，请求地址，请求参数，请求的http协议版本
Response 服务器到客服端的响应：包含 响应头，响应报文，状态码
比较常见的http状态码：
200：请求正常发送，服务器正常响应，但不代表请求成功，比如密码错误等
302：临时重定向到某一个页面，比如要登录之后才能进入的页面，他首先会临时重定向到登录界面
304：静态资源在第一次请求后缓存在本地，再次发送请求时，直接在本地取
403：权限不够 服务器理解客服端的请求，但拒绝此请求
404：请求页面无法找到或url地址错误
500：服务端异常
二：requests库的安装
Pip install requests
三：查看requests库的属性
>>> import requests
>>> dir(requests)
['ConnectTimeout', 'ConnectionError', 'DependencyWarning', 'FileModeWarning', 'HTTPError', 'NullHandler', 'PreparedRequest', 'ReadTimeout', 'Request', 'RequestException', 'RequestsDependencyWarning', 'Response', 'Session', 'Timeout', 'TooManyRedirects', 'URLRequired', '__author__', '__author_email__', '__build__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__cake__', '__copyright__', '__description__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__license__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__path__', '__spec__', '__title__', '__url__', '__version__', '_check_cryptography', '_internal_utils', 'adapters', 'api', 'auth', 'certs', 'chardet', 'check_compatibility', 'codes', 'compat', 'cookies', 'delete', 'exceptions', 'get', 'head', 'hooks', 'logging', 'models', 'options', 'packages', 'patch', 'post', 'put', 'request', 'session', 'sessions', 'status_codes', 'structures', 'urllib3', 'utils', 'warnings']
1、get请求方法源码解析
def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
r"""Sends a GET request.
:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. #请求地址
:param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
in the body of the :class:`Request`. #可选请求参数，字典，列表，元组，字节等
:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
:return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
:rtype: requests.Response
"""
kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs) #最终返回request函数调用
2、Post请求方法源码解析
def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):
r"""Sends a POST request.
:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
:param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
:param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.
:return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
:rtype: requests.Response
"""
return request('post', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)
#最终返回结果是request函数的调用
3、Request函数源码解析
def request(method, url, **kwargs):
"""Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.
:param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object. #请求方法
:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. #请求地址
:param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send
in the body of the :class:`Request`. #get请求方法的请求参数
:param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like
object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.#post请求方法的请求参数
:param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. #post请求方法的请求参数是json格式的
:param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`. #请求头
:param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
:param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
to add for the file.
:param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
:param timeout: (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data
before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
:type timeout: float or tuple
:param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to ``True``.
:type allow_redirects: bool
:param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
:param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify
the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path
to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``.
:param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
:param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
:return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
:rtype: requests.Response
Usage::
>>> import requests
>>> req = requests.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
<Response [200]>
"""
# By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we
# avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some
# cases, and look like a memory leak in others.
with sessions.Session() as session:
return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
参考文档博客：https://www.cnblogs.com/yufeihlf/p/6150603.html
