raise 与 raise ... from 的区别
起步
Python 的 raise
和 raise from
之间的区别是什么?
try:
print(1 / 0)
except Exception as exc:
raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened")
输出:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test4.py", line 2, in <module>
print(1 / 0)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test4.py", line 4, in <module>
raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened")
RuntimeError: Something bad happened
而 raise from
:
try:
print(1 / 0)
except Exception as exc:
raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened") from exc
输出:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test4.py", line 2, in <module>
print(1 / 0)
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test4.py", line 4, in <module>
raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened") from exc
RuntimeError: Something bad happened
分析
不同之处在于,from
会为异常对象设置 __cause__
属性表明异常的是由谁直接引起的。
处理异常时发生了新的异常,在不使用 from
时更倾向于新异常与正在处理的异常没有关联。而 from
则是能指出新异常是因旧异常直接引起的。这样的异常之间的关联有助于后续对异常的分析和排查。from
语法会有个限制,就是第二个表达式必须是另一个异常类或实例。
如果在异常处理程序或 finally
块中引发异常,默认情况下,异常机制会隐式工作会将先前的异常附加为新异常的 __context__
属性。
当然,也可以通过 with_traceback()
方法为异常设置上下文 __context__
属性,这也能在 traceback
更好的显示异常信息。
raise Exception("foo occurred").with_traceback(tracebackobj)
禁止异常关联
from 还有个特别的用法:raise ... from None
,它通过设置 __suppress_context__
属性指定来明确禁止异常关联:
try:
print(1 / 0)
except Exception as exc:
raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened") from None
输出:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "test4.py", line 4, in <module>
raise RuntimeError("Something bad happened") from None
RuntimeError: Something bad happened
总结
在异常处理程序或 finally
块中引发异常,Python 会为异常设置上下文,可以手动通过 with_traceback()
设置其上下文,或者通过 from
来指定异常因谁引起的。这些手段都是为了得到更友好的异常回溯信息,打印清晰的异常上下文。若要忽略上下文,则可以通过 raise ... from None
来禁止自动显示异常上下文。