Python logger模块
1 logging模块简介
logging模块是Python内置的标准模块,主要用于输出运行日志,可以设置输出日志的等级、日志保存路径、日志文件回滚等;相比print,具备如下优点:
- 可以通过设置不同的日志等级,在release版本中只输出重要信息,而不必显示大量的调试信息;
- print将所有信息都输出到标准输出中,严重影响开发者从标准输出中查看其它数据;logging则可以由开发者决定将信息输出到什么地方,以及怎么输出;
2 logging模块使用
2.1 基本使用
配置logging基本的设置,然后在控制台输出日志,
import logging logging.basicConfig(level = logging.INFO,format = '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s') logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) logger.info("Start print log") logger.debug("Do something") logger.warning("Something maybe fail.") logger.info("Finish")
运行时,控制台输出,
1 2016-10-09 19:11:19,434 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log 2 2016-10-09 19:11:19,434 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail. 3 2016-10-09 19:11:19,434 - __main__ - INFO - Finish
logging中可以选择很多消息级别,如:DEBUG,INFO,WARNING,ERROR,CRITICAL,通过赋予logger或者handler不同的级别,开发者就可以只输出错误信息到特定的记录文件,或者在调试时只记录调试信息。
将logger的级别改为DEBUG,再观察一下输出结果
logging.basicConfig(level = logging.DEBUG,format = '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
从输出结果可以看到,输出了debug的日志记录
2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log 2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 - __main__ - DEBUG - Do something 2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail. 2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 - __main__ - INFO - Finish
logging.basicConfig函数各参数:
filename:指定日志文件名; filemode:和file函数意义相同,指定日志文件的打开模式,'w'或者'a'; format:指定输出的格式和内容,format可以输出很多有用的信息, datefmt:指定时间格式,同time.strftime(); level:设置日志级别,默认为logging.WARNNING; stream:指定将日志的输出流,可以指定输出到sys.stderr,sys.stdout或者文件,默认输出到sys.stderr,当stream和filename同时指定时,stream被忽略;
属性名称
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格式
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说明
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name
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%(name)s
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日志的名称
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asctime
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%(asctime)s
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可读时间,默认格式‘2003-07-08 16:49:45,896’,逗号之后是毫秒 |
filename
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%(filename)s
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文件名,pathname的一部分 |
pathname
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%(pathname)s
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文件的全路径名称
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funcName
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%(funcName)s
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调用日志多对应的方法名
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levelname
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%(levelname)s
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日志的等级
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levelno
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%(levelno)s
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数字化的日志等级
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lineno
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%(lineno)d
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被记录日志在源码中的行数
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module
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%(module)s
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模块名 |
msecs | %(msecs)d | 时间中的毫秒部分 |
process
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%(process)d
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进程的ID
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processName
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%(processName)s
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进程的名称
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thread
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%(thread)d
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线程的ID
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threadName
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%(threadName)s
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线程的名称
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relativeCreated
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%(relativeCreated)d
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日志被创建的相对时间,以毫秒为单位
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2.2 将日志写入到文件
2.2.1 将日志写入到文件
设置logging,创建一个FileHandler,并对输出消息的格式进行设置,将其添加到logger,然后将日志写入到指定的文件中,
import logging logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO) handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt") handler.setLevel(logging.INFO) formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s') handler.setFormatter(formatter) logger.addHandler(handler) logger.info("Start print log") logger.debug("Do something") logger.warning("Something maybe fail.") logger.info("Finish")
log.txt中日志数据为:
2017-07-25 15:02:09,905 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log
2017-07-25 15:02:09,905 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail.
2017-07-25 15:02:09,905 - __main__ - INFO - Finish
2.2.2 将日志同时输出到屏幕和日志文件
logger中添加StreamHandler,可以将日志输出到屏幕上,
import logging logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO) handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt") handler.setLevel(logging.INFO) formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s') handler.setFormatter(formatter) console = logging.StreamHandler() console.setLevel(logging.INFO) logger.addHandler(handler) logger.addHandler(console) logger.info("Start print log") logger.debug("Do something") logger.warning("Something maybe fail.") logger.info("Finish")
可以在log.txt文件和控制台中看到
2017-07-25 15:03:05,075 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log
2017-07-25 15:03:05,075 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail.
2017-07-25 15:03:05,075 - __main__ - INFO - Finish
可以发现,logging有一个日志处理的主对象,其他处理方式都是通过addHandler添加进去,logging中包含的handler主要有如下几种,
handler名称:位置;作用 StreamHandler:logging.StreamHandler;日志输出到流,可以是sys.stderr,sys.stdout或者文件 FileHandler:logging.FileHandler;日志输出到文件 BaseRotatingHandler:logging.handlers.BaseRotatingHandler;基本的日志回滚方式 RotatingHandler:logging.handlers.RotatingHandler;日志回滚方式,支持日志文件最大数量和日志文件回滚 TimeRotatingHandler:logging.handlers.TimeRotatingHandler;日志回滚方式,在一定时间区域内回滚日志文件 SocketHandler:logging.handlers.SocketHandler;远程输出日志到TCP/IP sockets DatagramHandler:logging.handlers.DatagramHandler;远程输出日志到UDP sockets SMTPHandler:logging.handlers.SMTPHandler;远程输出日志到邮件地址 SysLogHandler:logging.handlers.SysLogHandler;日志输出到syslog NTEventLogHandler:logging.handlers.NTEventLogHandler;远程输出日志到Windows NT/2000/XP的事件日志 MemoryHandler:logging.handlers.MemoryHandler;日志输出到内存中的指定buffer HTTPHandler:logging.handlers.HTTPHandler;通过"GET"或者"POST"远程输出到HTTP服务器
2.2.3 日志回滚
使用RotatingFileHandler,可以实现日志回滚,
import logging from logging.handlers import RotatingFileHandler logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO) #定义一个RotatingFileHandler,最多备份3个日志文件,每个日志文件最大1K rHandler = RotatingFileHandler("log.txt",maxBytes = 1*1024,backupCount = 3) rHandler.setLevel(logging.INFO) formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s') rHandler.setFormatter(formatter) console = logging.StreamHandler() console.setLevel(logging.INFO) console.setFormatter(formatter) logger.addHandler(rHandler) logger.addHandler(console) logger.info("Start print log") logger.debug("Do something") logger.warning("Something maybe fail.") logger.info("Finish")
可以在工程目录中看到,备份的日志文件,
.3 设置消息的等级
可以设置不同的日志等级,用于控制日志的输出
日志等级:使用范围 FATAL:致命错误 CRITICAL:特别糟糕的事情,如内存耗尽、磁盘空间为空,一般很少使用 ERROR:发生错误时,如IO操作失败或者连接问题 WARNING:发生很重要的事件,但是并不是错误时,如用户登录密码错误 INFO:处理请求或者状态变化等日常事务 DEBUG:调试过程中使用DEBUG等级,如算法中每个循环的中间状态
setLevel(lvl) 定义处理log的最低等级,内建的级别为:DEBUG,INFO,WARNING,ERROR,CRITICAL;下图是级别对应数值
2.4 捕获traceback
Python中的traceback模块被用于跟踪异常返回信息,可以在logging中记录下traceback
import logging logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO) handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt") handler.setLevel(logging.INFO) formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s') handler.setFormatter(formatter) console = logging.StreamHandler() console.setLevel(logging.INFO) logger.addHandler(handler) logger.addHandler(console) logger.info("Start print log") logger.debug("Do something") logger.warning("Something maybe fail.") try: open("sklearn.txt","rb") except (SystemExit,KeyboardInterrupt): raise except Exception: logger.error("Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error",exc_info = True) logger.info("Finish")
控制台和日志文件log.txt中输出
1 2017-07-25 15:04:24,045 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log 2 2017-07-25 15:04:24,045 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail. 3 2017-07-25 15:04:24,046 - __main__ - ERROR - Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error 4 Traceback (most recent call last): 5 File "E:\PYTHON\Eclipse\eclipse\Doc\14day5\Logger模块\Logging.py", line 71, in <module> 6 open("sklearn.txt","rb") 7 IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'sklearn.txt' 8 2017-07-25 15:04:24,049 - __main__ - INFO - Finish
也可以使用logger.exception(msg,_args),它等价于logger.error(msg,exc_info = True,_args),
将 logger.error("Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error",exc_info = True) 替换为, logger.exception("Failed to open sklearn.txt from logger.exception")
2.5 多模块使用logging
主模块mainModule.py
import logging import subModule logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule") logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO) handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt") handler.setLevel(logging.INFO) formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s') handler.setFormatter(formatter) console = logging.StreamHandler() console.setLevel(logging.INFO) console.setFormatter(formatter) logger.addHandler(handler) logger.addHandler(console) logger.info("creating an instance of subModule.subModuleClass") a = subModule.SubModuleClass() logger.info("calling subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething") a.doSomething() logger.info("done with subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething") logger.info("calling subModule.some_function") subModule.som_function() logger.info("done with subModule.some_function")
子模块subModule.py
import logging module_logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule.sub") class SubModuleClass(object): def __init__(self): self.logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule.sub.module") self.logger.info("creating an instance in SubModuleClass") def doSomething(self): self.logger.info("do something in SubModule") a = [] a.append(1) self.logger.debug("list a = " + str(a)) self.logger.info("finish something in SubModuleClass") def som_function(): module_logger.info("call function some_function")
执行之后,在控制和日志文件log.txt中输出
1 2017-07-25 15:05:07,427 - mainModule - INFO - creating an instance of subModule.subModuleClass 2 2017-07-25 15:05:07,427 - mainModule.sub.module - INFO - creating an instance in SubModuleClass 3 2017-07-25 15:05:07,427 - mainModule - INFO - calling subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething 4 2017-07-25 15:05:07,427 - mainModule.sub.module - INFO - do something in SubModule 5 2017-07-25 15:05:07,427 - mainModule.sub.module - INFO - finish something in SubModuleClass 6 2017-07-25 15:05:07,427 - mainModule - INFO - done with subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething 7 2017-07-25 15:05:07,427 - mainModule - INFO - calling subModule.some_function 8 2017-07-25 15:05:07,427 - mainModule.sub - INFO - call function some_function 9 2017-07-25 15:05:07,428 - mainModule - INFO - done with subModule.some_function
说明:
首先在主模块定义了logger'mainModule',并对它进行了配置,就可以在解释器进程里面的其他地方通过getLogger('mainModule')得到的对象都是一样的,不需要重新配置,可以直接使用。定义的该logger的子logger,都可以共享父logger的定义和配置,所谓的父子logger是通过命名来识别,任意以'mainModule'开头的logger都是它的子logger,例如'mainModule.sub'。
实际开发一个application,首先可以通过logging配置文件编写好这个application所对应的配置,可以生成一个根logger,如'PythonAPP',然后在主函数中通过fileConfig加载logging配置,接着在application的其他地方、不同的模块中,可以使用根logger的子logger,如'PythonAPP.Core','PythonAPP.Web'来进行log,而不需要反复的定义和配置各个模块的logger。
3 通过JSON或者YAML文件配置logging模块
尽管可以在Python代码中配置logging,但是这样并不够灵活,最好的方法是使用一个配置文件来配置。在Python 2.7及以后的版本中,可以从字典中加载logging配置,也就意味着可以通过JSON或者YAML文件加载日志的配置。
3.1 通过JSON文件配置
JSON配置文件
{ "version":1, "disable_existing_loggers":false, "formatters":{ "simple":{ "format":"%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s" } }, "handlers":{ "console":{ "class":"logging.StreamHandler", "level":"DEBUG", "formatter":"simple", "stream":"ext://sys.stdout" }, "info_file_handler":{ "class":"logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler", "level":"INFO", "formatter":"simple", "filename":"info.log", "maxBytes":"10485760", "backupCount":20, "encoding":"utf8" }, "error_file_handler":{ "class":"logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler", "level":"ERROR", "formatter":"simple", "filename":"errors.log", "maxBytes":10485760, "backupCount":20, "encoding":"utf8" } }, "loggers":{ "my_module":{ "level":"ERROR", "handlers":["info_file_handler"], "propagate":"no" } }, "root":{ "level":"INFO", "handlers":["console","info_file_handler","error_file_handler"] } }
通过JSON加载配置文件,然后通过logging.dictConfig配置logging,
import json import logging.config import os def setup_logging(default_path = "logging.json",default_level = logging.INFO,env_key = "LOG_CFG"): path = default_path value = os.getenv(env_key,None) if value: path = value if os.path.exists(path): with open(path,"r") as f: config = json.load(f) logging.config.dictConfig(config) else: logging.basicConfig(level = default_level) def func(): logging.info("start func") logging.info("exec func") logging.info("end func") if __name__ == "__main__": setup_logging(default_path = "logging.json") func()
3.2 通过YAML文件配置
通过YAML文件进行配置,比JSON看起来更加简介明了,
version: 1 disable_existing_loggers: False formatters: simple: format: "%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s" handlers: console: class: logging.StreamHandler level: DEBUG formatter: simple stream: ext://sys.stdout info_file_handler: class: logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler level: INFO formatter: simple filename: info.log maxBytes: 10485760 backupCount: 20 encoding: utf8 error_file_handler: class: logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler level: ERROR formatter: simple filename: errors.log maxBytes: 10485760 backupCount: 20 encoding: utf8 loggers: my_module: level: ERROR handlers: [info_file_handler] propagate: no root: level: INFO handlers: [console,info_file_handler,error_file_handler]
通过YAML加载配置文件,然后通过logging.dictConfig配置logging
import yaml import logging.config import os def setup_logging(default_path = "logging.yaml",default_level = logging.INFO,env_key = "LOG_CFG"): path = default_path value = os.getenv(env_key,None) if value: path = value if os.path.exists(path): with open(path,"r") as f: config = yaml.load(f) logging.config.dictConfig(config) else: logging.basicConfig(level = default_level) def func(): logging.info("start func") logging.info("exec func") logging.info("end func") if __name__ == "__main__": setup_logging(default_path = "logging.yaml") func()
4 Reference
http://wjdadi-gmail-com.iteye.com/blog/1984354
关于 logging 的一些琐事
python logging 重复写日志问题