python学习-迭代器,列表解析和列表生成式
迭代器为类序列对象提供了一个类序列的接口。Python 的迭代无缝的支持序列对象,而且还允许程序猿迭代非序列类型,包括用户定义的对象。
迭代器是一个next()方法的对象,而不是通过索引计数。当需要下一项时,调用迭代器(Iterator)的next()方法就可以获得。条目全部取出后,会引发一个StopIterration 异常。这并不表示错误发生,只是表示迭代完成。迭代器不能向后移动,不能回到开始,也不能复制一个迭代器。
eg.
>>> myTupe = (123,'xyz',45.67)
>>> i = iter(myTupe)
>>> next(i) 在python2中方法为,i.next()
123
>>> next(i)
'xyz'
>>> next(i)
45.67
>>> next(i)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#15>", line 1, in <module>
next(i)
StopIteration
再实际应用中,需要将代码放在一个try-except 块中。
fetch = iter(seq)
while True::
try:
i = next(fetch)
except StopIteration:
break
do_something_to(i)
注:for 循环会自动调用迭代器的next()方法,以及见识StopIteration异常。
一般的迭代对象有序列,字典和文件。迭代
二、列表解析
列表解析用来动态的创建列表。
列表解析语法:[expr for iter_var in iterable]
语句核心是for循环,它迭代iterable 对象的所有条目。例如:
>>> [x**2 for x in range(6)]
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
扩展语法 :[expr for iter_var in iterable if cond_expr]
>>> seq = [11,1,9,9,10,10,9,7,23,9,7,18,12,11,12]
>>> [x for x in seq if x%2
[11, 1, 9, 9, 9, 7, 23, 9, 7, 11]
>>>
迭代一个有3行5列的矩阵:
>>> [(x+1,y+1) for x in range(3) for y in range(5)]
[(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5)]
加入有一个文件test.txt,需要统计单词书
But of course now I don not get any credit for sticking with the girls all this time.
Like I said, Bryce is the most popular kid in our grade, so that leaves all the
rest of us guys scrambling for the other spots.
The best I can figure is that I am somewhere around 52nd or 53rd most popular
this year. But the good news is that I am about to move up one spot because
Charlie Davies is above me, and he is getting his braces next week
>>> with open(r'E:\test.txt','r') as f:
len([word for line in f for word in line.split()])
output:86
统计单词个数:
>>> with open(r'E:\BaiduNetdiskDownload\test.txt','r') as f:
sum([len(word) for line in f for word in line.split()])
>>>344
生成器表达式:
生成器和列表解析非常相似,基本语法相同。不过生成器不真正创建数字列表,二十返回一个生成器,每计算一个条目,把这个条目“产生”(yield)出来。所以生成器在内存上更有效。
列表解析:【expr for iter_var in iterable if cond_expr】
生成器表达式 (expt for iter_var in iterable if cond_expt)
上例中求飞空字符的个数:
>>> with open(r'E:\BaiduNetdiskDownload\test.txt','r') as f:
sum(len(word) for line in f for word in line.split())
>>> 344
用生成式计算。它会计算每个单词的长度后传递给sum()函数。