爬虫初级篇

注：

　　在这里我们使用Python版本：2.7，python3爬虫尚未成熟，好多包不支持。

首先爬虫是什么？

　　网络爬虫（又被称为网页蜘蛛，网络机器人，在FOAF社区中间，更经常的称为网页追逐者），是一种按照一定的规则，自动的抓取万维网信息的程序或者脚本。

根据我的经验，要学习Python爬虫，我们要学习的共有以下几点：

Python基础知识
Python中urllib和urllib2库的用法
Python正则表达式
Python爬虫框架Scrapy
Python爬虫更高级的功能

在这里我们选用爬虫框架Scrapy，这个框架有什么强大功能呢？下面有官方介绍：

HTML, XML源数据 选择及提取 的内置支持
提供了一系列在spider之间共享的可复用的过滤器(即 Item Loaders)，对智能处理爬取数据提供了内置支持。
通过 feed导出 提供了多格式(JSON、CSV、XML)，多存储后端(FTP、S3、本地文件系统)的内置支持
提供了media pipeline，可以 自动下载 爬取到的数据中的图片(或者其他资源)。
高扩展性。您可以通过使用 signals ，设计好的API(中间件, extensions, pipelines)来定制实现您的功能。
内置的中间件及扩展为下列功能提供了支持:
cookies and session 处理
HTTP 压缩
HTTP 认证
HTTP 缓存
user-agent模拟
robots.txt
爬取深度限制
针对非英语语系中不标准或者错误的编码声明, 提供了自动检测以及健壮的编码支持。
支持根据模板生成爬虫。在加速爬虫创建的同时，保持在大型项目中的代码更为一致。详细内容请参阅 genspider 命令。
针对多爬虫下性能评估、失败检测，提供了可扩展的 状态收集工具 。
提供 交互式shell终端 , 为您测试XPath表达式，编写和调试爬虫提供了极大的方便
提供 System service, 简化在生产环境的部署及运行
内置 Web service, 使您可以监视及控制您的机器
内置 Telnet终端 ，通过在Scrapy进程中钩入Python终端，使您可以查看并且调试爬虫
Logging 为您在爬取过程中捕捉错误提供了方便
支持 Sitemaps 爬取
具有缓存的DNS解析器

1.什么是爬虫

爬虫，即网络爬虫，大家可以理解为在网络上爬行的一直蜘蛛，互联网就比作一张大网，而爬虫便是在这张网上爬来爬去的蜘蛛咯，如果它遇到资源，那么它就会抓取下来。想抓取什么？这个由你来控制它咯。

比如它在抓取一个网页，在这个网中他发现了一条道路，其实就是指向网页的超链接，那么它就可以爬到另一张网上来获取数据。这样，整个连在一起的大网对这之蜘蛛来说触手可及，分分钟爬下来不是事儿。

2.浏览网页的过程

在用户浏览网页的过程中，我们可能会看到许多好看的图片，比如 http://image.baidu.com/ ，我们会看到几张的图片以及百度搜索框，这个过程其实就是用户输入网址之后，经过DNS服务器，找到服务器主机，向服务器发出一个请求，服务器经过解析之后，发送给用户的浏览器 HTML、JS、CSS 等文件，浏览器解析出来，用户便可以看到形形色色的图片了。

因此，用户看到的网页实质是由 HTML 代码构成的，爬虫爬来的便是这些内容，通过分析和过滤这些 HTML 代码，实现对图片、文字等资源的获取。

3.URL的含义

URL，即统一资源定位符，也就是我们说的网址，统一资源定位符是对可以从互联网上得到的资源的位置和访问方法的一种简洁的表示，是互联网上标准资源的地址。互联网上的每个文件都有一个唯一的URL，它包含的信息指出文件的位置以及浏览器应该怎么处理它。

URL的格式由三部分组成：
①第一部分是协议(或称为服务方式)。
②第二部分是存有该资源的主机IP地址(有时也包括端口号)。
③第三部分是主机资源的具体地址，如目录和文件名等。

　　爬虫爬取数据时必须要有一个目标的URL才可以获取数据，因此，它是爬虫获取数据的基本依据，准确理解它的含义对爬虫学习有很大帮助。

4. 环境的配置

学习Python，当然少不了环境的配置，最初我用的是Notepad++，不过发现它的提示功能实在是太弱了，于是，在Windows下我用了PyCharm，在Linux下我用了Eclipse for Python，另外还有几款比较优秀的IDE，大家可以参考这篇文章学习Python推荐的IDE 。好的开发工具是前进的推进器，希望大家可以找到适合自己的IDE

Urllib库的基本使用

1.分分钟扒一个网页下来

怎样扒网页呢？其实就是根据URL来获取它的网页信息，虽然我们在浏览器中看到的是一幅幅优美的画面，但是其实是由浏览器解释才呈现出来的，实质它是一段HTML代码，加 JS、CSS，如果把网页比作一个人，那么HTML便是他的骨架，JS便是他的肌肉，CSS便是它的衣服。所以最重要的部分是存在于HTML中的，下面我们就写个例子来扒一个网页下来。

import urllib2

response = urllib2.urlopen('http://www.baidu.com')
print response.read()

　　是的你没看错，真正的程序就两行

C:\Python27\python.exe C:/Users/Administrator/your_project_name/your_project_name/pipelines.py
<!DOCTYPE html><!--STATUS OK--><html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta content="always" name="referrer"><meta name="theme-color" content="#2932e1"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/content-search.xml" title="百度搜索" /><link rel="icon" sizes="any" mask href="//www.baidu.com/img/baidu.svg"><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//s1.bdstatic.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t1.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t2.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t3.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t10.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t11.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//t12.baidu.com"/><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//b1.bdstatic.com"/><title>百度一下，你就知道</title>
<style index="index"  id="css_index">html,body{height:100%}html{overflow-y:auto}body{font:12px arial;text-align:;background:#fff}body,p,form,ul,li{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none}body,form,#fm{position:relative}td{text-align:left}img{border:0}a{color:#00c}a:active{color:#f60}input{border:0;padding:0}#wrapper{position:relative;_position:;min-height:100%}#head{padding-bottom:100px;text-align:center;*z-index:1}#ftCon{height:100px;position:absolute;bottom:23px;text-align:left;width:100%;margin:0 auto;z-index:0;overflow:hidden}.ftCon-Wrapper{overflow:hidden;margin:0 auto;text-align:center;*width:640px}#qrcode{display:inline-block;*float:left;*margin-top:4px}#qrcode .qrcode-item{float:left}#qrcode .qrcode-item-2{margin-left:33px}#qrcode .qrcode-img{float:left;width:60px;height:60px}#qrcode .qrcode-item-1 .qrcode-img{background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/qrcode/zbios_a4b2d86f.png) 0 0 no-repeat}#qrcode .qrcode-item-2 .qrcode-img{background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/home/img/qrcode/nuomi_510f7472.png) 0 0 no-repeat}
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.c-icon{display:inline-block;width:14px;height:14px;vertical-align:text-bottom;font-style normal;overflow:hidden;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_0e814c16.png) no-repeat 0 0;_background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_5c448026.gif)}.c-icon-triangle-down-blue{background-position:-480px -168px}.c-icon-chevron-unfold2{background-position:-504px -168px}#m{width:720px;margin:0 auto}#nv a,#nv b,.btn,#lk{font-size:14px}#nv{height:19px;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 4px;text-align:left;text-indent:137px}.s_btn{width:95px;height:32px;padding-top:2px\9;font-size:14px;background-color:#ddd;background-position:0 -48px;cursor:pointer}.s_btn_h{background-position:-240px -48px}.s_btn_wr{width:97px;height:34px;display:inline-block;background-position:-120px -48px;*position:relative;z-index:0;vertical-align:top}#cp .c-icon-icrlogo,#jgwab .c-icon-jgwablogo{width:14px;height:17px;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_0e814c16.png) no-repeat;_background-image:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/icons_5c448026.gif)}
#cp .c-icon-icrlogo{background-position:-600px -96px;position:relative;top:3px}#jgwab .c-icon-jgwablogo{background-position:-623px -96px;position:relative;top:3px;margin-right:6px}#shouji{margin-right:14px}#u{display:none}#c-tips-container{display:none}#wrapper{min-width:810px;height:100%;min-height:600px}#head{position:relative;padding-bottom:0;height:100%;min-height:600px}#head .head_wrapper{height:100%}#m{position:relative}#fm{padding-left:40px;top:-37px}#lh a{margin-left:62px}#lh #seth,#lh #setf{margin-left:0}#lk{position:absolute;display:none;top:0;right:0;margin:33px 0}#lk span{font:14px "宋体"}#nv{position:absolute;display:none;top:0;right:0}#lm{color:#666;width:100%;height:60px;margin-top:60px;line-height:15px;font-size:13px;position:absolute;top:0;left:0}#lm a{color:#666}#pad-version{line-height:40px}.s_ipt_wr.bg,.s_btn_wr.bg,#su.bg{background-image:none}.s_btn_wr{width:auto;height:auto;border-bottom:1px solid transparent;*border-bottom:0}.s_btn{width:100px;height:36px;color:white;font-size:15px;letter-spacing:1px;background:#3385ff;border-bottom:1px solid #2d78f4;outline:medium;*border-bottom:0;-webkit-appearance:none;-webkit-border-radius:0}
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.bdsug li{width:522px;color:#000;font:14px arial;line-height:25px;padding:0 8px;position:relative;cursor:default}.bdsug li.bdsug-s{background:#f0f0f0}.bdsug-store span,.bdsug-store b{color:#7a77c8}.bdsug-store-del{font-size:12px;color:#666;text-decoration:underline;position:absolute;right:8px;top:0;cursor:pointer;display:none}.bdsug-s .bdsug-store-del{display:inline-block}.bdsug-ala{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6}.bdsug-ala h3{line-height:14px;background:url(//www.baidu.com/img/sug_bd.png) no-repeat left center;margin:8px 0 5px 0;font-size:12px;font-weight:normal;color:#7b7b7b;padding-left:20px}.bdsug-ala p{font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;padding-left:20px}.bdsug .bdsug-direct{width:auto;padding:0;border-bottom:1px solid #f1f1f1}.bdsug .bdsug-direct p{color:#00c;font-weight:bold;line-height:34px;padding:0 8px;cursor:pointer;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden}.bdsug .bdsug-direct p img{width:16px;height:16px;margin:7px 6px 9px 0;vertical-align:middle}.bdsug .bdsug-direct p span{margin-left:8px}
.bdsug .bdsug-direct p i{font-size:12px;line-height:100%;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;color:#fff;background-color:#2b99ff;display:inline;text-align:center;padding:1px 5px;*padding:2px 5px 0 5px;margin-left:8px;overflow:hidden}.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect{color:#000;font-size:14px;line-height:30px;height:30px;background-color:#f8f8f8}.bdsug .bdsug-pc-direct-tip{position:absolute;right:15px;top:8px;width:55px;height:15px;display:block;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/pc_direct_ffda303e.png) no-repeat 0 0}.bdsug li.bdsug-pcDirect-s{background-color:#f0f0f0}.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-is{color:#000;font-size:14px;line-height:22px;background-color:#f8f8f8}.bdsug .bdsug-pc-direct-tip-is{position:absolute;right:15px;top:3px;width:55px;height:15px;display:block;background:url(http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/static/global/img/pc_direct_ffda303e.png) no-repeat 0 0}.bdsug li.bdsug-pcDirect-is-s{background-color:#f0f0f0}.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-s .bdsug-pc-direct-tip,.bdsug .bdsug-pcDirect-is-s .bdsug-pc-direct-tip-is{background-position:0 -15px}
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输出的结果

　　看，这个网页的源码已经被我们扒下来了，是不是很酸爽？

2.分析扒网页的方法

那么我们来分析这两行代码，第一行

response = urllib2.urlopen("http://www.baidu.com")

　　首先我们调用的是urllib2库里面的urlopen方法，传入一个URL，这个网址是百度首页，协议是HTTP协议，当然你也可以把HTTP换做FTP,FILE,HTTPS 等等，只是代表了一种访问控制协议，urlopen一般接受三个参数，它的参数如下：

urlopen(url, data, timeout)

　　第一个参数url即为URL，第二个参数data是访问URL时要传送的数据，第三个timeout是设置超时时间。

　　第二三个参数是可以不传送的，data默认为空None，timeout默认为 socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT

　　第一个参数URL是必须要传送的，在这个例子里面我们传送了百度的URL，执行urlopen方法之后，返回一个response对象，返回信息便保存在这里面。

print response.read()

　　response对象有一个read方法，可以返回获取到的网页内容。

如果不加read直接打印会是什么？答案如下：

<addinfourl at 139728495260376 whose fp = <socket._fileobject object at 0x7f1513fb3ad0>>

　　直接打印出了该对象的描述，所以记得一定要加read方法，否则它不出来内容可就不怪我咯！

3.构造Requset

其实上面的urlopen参数可以传入一个request请求,它其实就是一个Request类的实例，构造时需要传入Url,Data等等的内容。比如上面的两行代码，我们可以这么改写

import urllib2
 
request = urllib2.Request("http://www.baidu.com")
response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
print response.read()

　　运行结果是完全一样的，只不过中间多了一个request对象，推荐大家这么写，因为在构建请求时还需要加入好多内容，通过构建一个request，服务器响应请求得到应答，这样显得逻辑上清晰明确。

4.POST和GET数据传送

上面的程序演示了最基本的网页抓取，不过，现在大多数网站都是动态网页，需要你动态地传递参数给它，它做出对应的响应。所以，在访问时，我们需要传递数据给它。最常见的情况是什么？对了，就是登录注册的时候呀。

把数据用户名和密码传送到一个URL，然后你得到服务器处理之后的响应，这个该怎么办？下面让我来为小伙伴们揭晓吧！

数据传送分为POST和GET两种方式，两种方式有什么区别呢？

最重要的区别是GET方式是直接以链接形式访问，链接中包含了所有的参数，当然如果包含了密码的话是一种不安全的选择，不过你可以直观地看到自己提交了什么内容。POST则不会在网址上显示所有的参数，不过如果你想直接查看提交了什么就不太方便了，大家可以酌情选择。

　　POST方式：

上面我们说了data参数是干嘛的？对了，它就是用在这里的，我们传送的数据就是这个参数data，下面演示一下POST方式。

import urllib
import urllib2

values = {"username":"1016903103@qq.com","password":"XXXX"}
data = urllib.urlencode(values) 
url = "https://passport.csdn.net/account/login?from=http://my.csdn.net/my/mycsdn"
request = urllib2.Request(url,data)
response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
print response.read()

　　我们引入了urllib库，现在我们模拟登陆CSDN，当然上述代码可能登陆不进去，因为还要做一些设置头部header的工作，或者还有一些参数没有设置全，还没有提及到在此就不写上去了，在此只是说明登录的原理。我们需要定义一个字典，名字为values，参数我设置了username和password，下面利用urllib的urlencode方法将字典编码，命名为data，构建request时传入两个参数，url和data，运行程序，即可实现登陆，返回的便是登陆后呈现的页面内容。当然你可以自己搭建一个服务器来测试一下。

　　注意上面字典的定义方式还有一种，下面的写法是等价的

values = {}
values['username'] = "sunlovehu.com"
values['password'] = "XXXX"
data = urllib.urlencode(values)
url = "http://passport.csdn.net/account/login?from=http://my.csdn.net/my/mycsdn"
request = urllib2.Request(url,data)
response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
print response.read()

　　以上方法便实现了POST方式的传送

　　GET方式：

　　至于GET方式我们可以直接把参数写到网址上面，直接构建一个带参数的URL出来即可。

import urllib
import urllib2
values = {}
values['username'] = 'sunlovehu.com'
values['password'] = 'xxxooo'
data = urllib.urlencode(values)
url = "http://passport.csdn.net/account/login"
geturl = url + '?' + data
request = urllib2.Request(geturl)
respons = urllib2.urlopen(request)
print respons.read()

　　你可以print geturl，打印输出一下url，发现其实就是原来的url加？然后加编码后的参数

http://passport.csdn.net/account/login?username=sunlovehu.com&password=xxxooo

　　和我们平常GET访问方式一模一样，这样就实现了数据的GET方式传送。

Urllib库的高级用法

1.设置Headers

有些网站不会同意程序直接用上面的方式进行访问，如果识别有问题，那么站点根本不会响应，所以为了完全模拟浏览器的工作，我们需要设置一些Headers 的属性。

首先，打开我们的浏览器，调试浏览器F12，我用的是Chrome，打开网络监听，示意如下，比如知乎，点登录之后，我们会发现登陆之后界面都变化了，出现一个新的界面，实质上这个页面包含了许许多多的内容，这些内容也不是一次性就加载完成的，实质上是执行了好多次请求，一般是首先请求HTML文件，然后加载JS，CSS 等等，经过多次请求之后，网页的骨架和肌肉全了，整个网页的效果也就出来了。

　　拆分这些请求，我们只看一第一个请求，你可以看到，有个Request URL，还有headers，下面便是response，图片显示得不全，小伙伴们可以亲身实验一下。那么这个头中包含了许许多多是信息，有文件编码啦，压缩方式啦，请求的agent啦等等。

其中，agent就是请求的身份，如果没有写入请求身份，那么服务器不一定会响应，所以可以在headers中设置agent,例如下面的例子，这个例子只是说明了怎样设置的headers，小伙伴们看一下设置格式就好。

import urllib  
import urllib2  
 
url = 'http://www.server.com/login'
user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'  
values = {'username' : 'cqc',  'password' : 'XXXX' }  
headers = { 'User-Agent' : user_agent }  
data = urllib.urlencode(values)  
request = urllib2.Request(url, data, headers)  
response = urllib2.urlopen(request)  
page = response.read()

　　这样，我们设置了一个headers，在构建request时传入，在请求时，就加入了headers传送，服务器若识别了是浏览器发来的请求，就会得到响应。

　　另外，我们还有对付”反盗链”的方式，对付防盗链，服务器会识别headers中的referer是不是它自己，如果不是，有的服务器不会响应，所以我们还可以在headers中加入referer

　　例如我们可以构建下面的headers

headers = { 'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'  ,
                        'Referer':'http://www.zhihu.com/' }

　　同上面的方法，在传送请求时把headers传入Request参数里，这样就能应付防盗链了。

　　另外headers的一些属性，下面的需要特别注意一下：

User-Agent : 有些服务器或 Proxy 会通过该值来判断是否是浏览器发出的请求
Content-Type : 在使用 REST 接口时，服务器会检查该值，用来确定 HTTP Body 中的内容该怎样解析。
application/xml ： 在 XML RPC，如 RESTful/SOAP 调用时使用
application/json ： 在 JSON RPC 调用时使用
application/x-www-form-urlencoded ： 浏览器提交 Web 表单时使用
在使用服务器提供的 RESTful 或 SOAP 服务时， Content-Type 设置错误会导致服务器拒绝服务

　　其他的有必要的可以审查浏览器的headers内容，在构建时写入同样的数据即可。

2. Proxy（代理）的设置

　　urllib2 默认会使用环境变量 http_proxy 来设置 HTTP Proxy。假如一个网站它会检测某一段时间某个IP 的访问次数，如果访问次数过多，它会禁止你的访问。所以你可以设置一些代理服务器来帮助你做工作，每隔一段时间换一个代理，网站君都不知道是谁在捣鬼了，这酸爽！

　　下面一段代码说明了代理的设置用法

import urllib2
enable_proxy = True
proxy_handler = urllib2.ProxyHandler({"http" : 'http://some-proxy.com:8080'})
null_proxy_handler = urllib2.ProxyHandler({})
if enable_proxy:
    opener = urllib2.build_opener(proxy_handler)
else:
    opener = urllib2.build_opener(null_proxy_handler)
urllib2.install_opener(opener)

3.Timeout 设置

　　上一节已经说过urlopen方法了，第三个参数就是timeout的设置，可以设置等待多久超时，为了解决一些网站实在响应过慢而造成的影响。

　　例如下面的代码,如果第二个参数data为空那么要特别指定是timeout是多少，写明形参，如果data已经传入，则不必声明。

import urllib2
response = urllib2.urlopen('http://www.baidu.com', timeout=10)

import urllib2
response = urllib2.urlopen('http://www.baidu.com',data, 10)

4.使用 HTTP 的 PUT 和 DELETE 方法

　　 http协议有六种请求方法，get,head,put,delete,post,options，我们有时候需要用到PUT方式或者DELETE方式请求。

PUT：这个方法比较少见。HTML表单也不支持这个。本质上来讲， PUT和POST极为相似，都是向服务器发送数据，但它们之间有一个重要区别，PUT通常指定了资源的存放位置，而POST则没有，POST的数据存放位置由服务器自己决定。
DELETE：删除某一个资源。基本上这个也很少见，不过还是有一些地方比如amazon的S3云服务里面就用的这个方法来删除资源。

　　如果要使用 HTTP PUT 和 DELETE ，只能使用比较低层的 httplib 库。虽然如此，我们还是能通过下面的方式，使 urllib2 能够发出 PUT 或DELETE 的请求，不过用的次数的确是少，在这里提一下。

import urllib2
request = urllib2.Request(uri, data=data)
request.get_method = lambda: 'PUT' # or 'DELETE'
response = urllib2.urlopen(request)

　5.使用DebugLog

　　可以通过下面的方法把 Debug Log 打开，这样收发包的内容就会在屏幕上打印出来，方便调试，这个也不太常用，仅提一下

import urllib2
httpHandler = urllib2.HTTPHandler(debuglevel=1)
httpsHandler = urllib2.HTTPSHandler(debuglevel=1)
opener = urllib2.build_opener(httpHandler, httpsHandler)
urllib2.install_opener(opener)
response = urllib2.urlopen('http://www.baidu.com')

　　以上便是一部分高级特性，前三个是重要内容

URLError异常处理

1.URLError

首先解释下URLError可能产生的原因：

网络无连接，即本机无法上网
连接不到特定的服务器
服务器不存在

在代码中，我们需要用try-except语句来包围并捕获相应的异常。下面是一个例子，先感受下它的风骚

requset = urllib2.Request('http://www.xxxxxasdaddsa.com')
try:
    urllib2.urlopen(request)
except urllib2.URLError, e:
    print e.reason

　　我们利用了 urlopen方法访问了一个不存在的网址，运行结果如下：

[Errno 11004] getaddrinfo failed

　　它说明了错误代号是11004，错误原因是 getaddrinfo failed

　　2.HTTPError

　　HTTPError是URLError的子类，在你利用urlopen方法发出一个请求时，服务器上都会对应一个应答对象response，其中它包含一个数字”状态码”。举个例子，假如response是一个”重定向”，需定位到别的地址获取文档，urllib2将对此进行处理。

　　其他不能处理的，urlopen会产生一个HTTPError，对应相应的状态吗，HTTP状态码表示HTTP协议所返回的响应的状态。下面将状态码归结如下：

100：继续  客户端应当继续发送请求。客户端应当继续发送请求的剩余部分，或者如果请求已经完成，忽略这个响应。
101： 转换协议  在发送完这个响应最后的空行后，服务器将会切换到在Upgrade 消息头中定义的那些协议。只有在切换新的协议更有好处的时候才应该采取类似措施。
102：继续处理   由WebDAV（RFC 2518）扩展的状态码，代表处理将被继续执行。
200：请求成功      处理方式：获得响应的内容，进行处理
201：请求完成，结果是创建了新资源。新创建资源的URI可在响应的实体中得到    处理方式：爬虫中不会遇到
202：请求被接受，但处理尚未完成    处理方式：阻塞等待
204：服务器端已经实现了请求，但是没有返回新的信 息。如果客户是用户代理，则无须为此更新自身的文档视图。    处理方式：丢弃
300：该状态码不被HTTP/1.0的应用程序直接使用， 只是作为3XX类型回应的默认解释。存在多个可用的被请求资源。    处理方式：若程序中能够处理，则进行进一步处理，如果程序中不能处理，则丢弃
301：请求到的资源都会分配一个永久的URL，这样就可以在将来通过该URL来访问此资源    处理方式：重定向到分配的URL
302：请求到的资源在一个不同的URL处临时保存     处理方式：重定向到临时的URL
304：请求的资源未更新     处理方式：丢弃
400：非法请求     处理方式：丢弃
401：未授权     处理方式：丢弃
403：禁止     处理方式：丢弃
404：没有找到     处理方式：丢弃
500：服务器内部错误  服务器遇到了一个未曾预料的状况，导致了它无法完成对请求的处理。一般来说，这个问题都会在服务器端的源代码出现错误时出现。
501：服务器无法识别  服务器不支持当前请求所需要的某个功能。当服务器无法识别请求的方法，并且无法支持其对任何资源的请求。
502：错误网关  作为网关或者代理工作的服务器尝试执行请求时，从上游服务器接收到无效的响应。
503：服务出错   由于临时的服务器维护或者过载，服务器当前无法处理请求。这个状况是临时的，并且将在一段时间以后恢复。
HTTPError实例产生后会有一个code属性，这就是是服务器发送的相关错误号。
因为urllib2可以为你处理重定向，也就是3开头的代号可以被处理，并且100-299范围的号码指示成功，所以你只能看到400-599的错误号码。

下面我们写一个例子来感受一下，捕获的异常是HTTPError，它会带有一个code属性，就是错误代号，另外我们又打印了reason属性，这是它的父类URLError的属性。

　　HTTPError实例产生后会有一个code属性，这就是是服务器发送的相关错误号。
因为urllib2可以为你处理重定向，也就是3开头的代号可以被处理，并且100-299范围的号码指示成功，所以你只能看到400-599的错误号码。

　　下面我们写一个例子来感受一下，捕获的异常是HTTPError，它会带有一个code属性，就是错误代号，另外我们又打印了reason属性，这是它的父类URLError的属性。

import urllib2
req = urllib2.Request('http://blog.csdn.net/column.html')
try:
    rat =urllib2.urlopen(req)
    print rat
except urllib2.HTTPError,e:
    print e.code   
    print e.reason

　　运行结果如下

<urllib2.Request instance at 0x0262CB20>
403
Forbidden

　　错误代号是403，错误原因是Forbidden，说明服务器禁止访问。

　　我们知道，HTTPError的父类是URLError，根据编程经验，父类的异常应当写到子类异常的后面，如果子类捕获不到，那么可以捕获父类的异常，所以上述的代码可以这么改写

import urllib2

req = urllib2.Request('http://blog.csdn.net/cqcre')
try:
    urllib2.urlopen(req)
except urllib2.HTTPError, e:
    print e.code
except urllib2.URLError, e:
    print e.reason
else:
    print "OK"

　　如果捕获到了HTTPError，则输出code，不会再处理URLError异常。如果发生的不是HTTPError，则会去捕获URLError异常，输出错误原因。

　　另外还可以加入 hasattr属性提前对属性进行判断，代码改写如下

req = urllib2.Request('http://blog.csdn.net/cqcre')
try:
    urllib2.urlopen(req)
except urllib2.URLError, e:
    if hasattr(e,"code"):
        print e.code
    if hasattr(e,"reason"):
        print e.reason
else:
    print "OK"

　　首先对异常的属性进行判断，以免出现属性输出报错的现象。

posted @ 2016-08-31 11:15 青春永不言弃阅读(5474) 评论(1) 编辑收藏举报

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