父游标、子游标及共享游标

转自 http://blog.csdn.net/leshami/article/details/6893477

 游标是数据库领域较为复杂的一个概念,因为游标包含了shared cursor和session cursor。两者有其不同的概念,也有不同的表现形式。
共享游标的概念易于与SQL语句中定义的游标相混淆。本文主要描述解析过程中的父游标,子游标以及共享游标,即shared cursor,同时给出了
游标(session cursor)的生命周期以及游标的解析过程的描述。   

            有关游标的定义,声明,与使用请参考:PL/SQL 游标
            有关硬解析与软解析请参考:Oracle 硬解析与软解析

一、相关定义
        shared cursor

                也即是共享游标,是SQL语句在游标解析阶段生成获得的,是位于library cache中的sql或匿名的pl/sql等。其元数据被在视图V$sqlarea
                与v$sql中具体化。如果library cache中的父游标与子游标能够被共享,此时则为共享游标。父游标能够共享即为共享的父游标,子游
                标能够共享极为共享的子游标。
                
        session cursor
                即通过系统为用户分配缓冲区用于存放SQL语句的执行结果。用户可以通过这个中间缓冲区逐条取出游标中的记录并对其处理,直到所
                有的游标记录被逐一处理完毕。session cursor指的跟这个session相对应的server process的PGA里(准确的说是UGA)的一块内存区域
                (或者说内存结构)即其主要特性表现在记录的逐条定位,逐条处理。session cursor的元数据通过v$open_cursor视图来具体化。每一
                个打开或解析的SQL都将位于该视图。

二、游标的生命周期(session cursor)
        session cursor需要从UGA中分配内存,因此有其生命周期。其生命周期主要包括:

                打开游标(根据游标声明的名称在UGA中分配内存区域)
                解析游标(将SQL语句与游标关联,并将其执行计划加载到Library Cache)
                定义输出变量(仅当游标返回数据时)
                绑定输入变量(如果与游标关联的SQL语句使用了绑定变量)
                执行游标(即执行SQL语句)
                获取游标(即获取SQL语句记录结果,根据需要对记录作相应操作。游标将逐条取出查询的记录,直到取完所有记录)
                关闭游标(释放UGA中该游标占有的相关资源,但Library Cache中的游标的执行计划按LRU原则清除,为其游标共享提供可能性)

        对于session cursor而言,可以将游标理解为任意的DML,DQL语句(个人理解,有待核实)。即一条SQL语句实际上就是一个游标,只不过
        session cursor分为显示游标和隐式游标,以及游标指针。由上面游标的生命周期可知,任何的游标(SQL语句)都必须经历内存分配,解析,
        执行与关闭的过程。故对隐式游标而言,生命周期的所有过程由系统来自动完成。对所有的DML和单行查询(select ... into ...)而言,
        系统自动使用隐式游标。多行结果集的DQL则通常使用显示游标。

二、游标的解析过程(产生shared cursor)
        解析过程:

        A、包含vpd的约束条件:
                SQL语句如果使用的表使用了行级安全控制,安全策略生成的约束条件添加到where子句中
        
        B、语法、语义、访问权限检查:
                检查SQL语句书写的正确性,对象存在性,用户的访问权限
        
        C、父游标缓存: 
                将该游标(SQL语句)的文本进行哈希得到哈希值并在library cache寻找相同的哈希值,如不存在则生存父游标且保存在library cache
                中,按顺序完成D-F步骤。如果此时存在父游标,则进一步判断是否存在子游标。若存在相同的子游标,则直接调用其子游标的执行计
                划执行该SQL语句,否则转到步骤D进行逻辑优化    
        
        D、逻辑优化:
                使用不同的转换技巧,生成语义上等同的新的SQL语句(SQL语句的改写),一旦该操作完成,则执行计划数量、搜索空间将会相应增长。
                其主要目的未进行转换的情况下是寻找无法被考虑到的执行计划
        
        E、物理优化:
                为逻辑优化阶段的SQL语句产生执行计划,读取数据字典中的统计信息以及动态采样的统计信息,计算开销,开销最低的执行计划将被
                选中。
                
        F、子游标缓存:
                分配内存,生成子游标(即最佳执行计划),与父游标关联。可以在v$sqlarea, v$sql得到具体游标信息,父子游标通过sql_id关联
        
        对于仅仅完成步骤A与B的SQL语句即为软解析,否则即为硬解析

三、shared cursor与session cursor的关系以及软软解析
        关系:        

                一个session cursor只能对应一个shared cursor,而一个shared cursor却可能同时对应多个session cursor

四、父游标与子游标、共享游标
        由游标的解析过程可知,父游标,子游标同属于共享游标的范畴。

        父游标
                是在进行硬解析时产生的,父游标里主要包含两种信息:SQL文本以及优化目标(optimizer goal),首次打开父游标被锁定,直到其他
                所有的session都关闭该游标后才被解锁。当父游标被锁定的时候是不能被LRU算法置换出library cache,只有在解锁以后才能置换出
                library cache,此时该父游标对应的所有子游标也同样被置换出library cache。v$sqlarea中的每一行代表了一个parent cursor,
                address表示其内存地址。
                
        子游标
                当发生硬解析时,在产生父游标的同时,则跟随父游标会产生相应的子游标,此时V$SQL.CHILD_NUMBER的值为0。
                如果存在父游标,由于不同的运行环境,此时同样会产生新的子游标,新子游标的CHILD_NUMBER在已有子游标基础上以1为单位累计。
                子游标包括游标所有相关信息,如具体的执行计划、绑定变量,OBJECT和权限,优化器设置等。子游标随时可以被LRU算法置换出
                library cache,当子游标被置换出library cache时,oracle可以利用父游标的信息重新构建出一个子游标来,这个过程叫reload。
                v$sql中中 的每一行表示了一个child cursor,根据hash value和address与parent cursor 关联。
                child cursor有自己的address,即v$sql.child_address。

        确定一个游标的三个主要字段:address,hash_value,child_number,

五、演示父游标、子游标       

  1. /************************************ 首先创建表 t  **************************************/                                
  2.     SQL> create table t as select empno,ename,sal from emp where deptno=10;                                                  
  3.                                                                                                                              
  4.     Table created.                                                                                                           
  5. *********************************** 对表进行查询 *****************************************/                                    
  6.     SQL> select * from t where empno=7782;                                                                                   
  7.                                                                                                                              
  8.          EMPNO ENAME             SAL                                                                                         
  9.     ---------- ---------- ----------                                                                                         
  10.           7782 CLARK            2450                                                                                         
  11.                                                                                                                              
  12.     SQL> SELECT * from t where empno=7782;                                                                                   
  13.                                                                                                                              
  14.          EMPNO ENAME             SAL                                                                                         
  15.     ---------- ---------- ----------                                                                                         
  16.           7782 CLARK            2450                                                                                         
  17.                                                                                                                              
  18.     SQL> SELECT * FROM t WHERE empno=7782;                                                                                   
  19.                                                                                                                              
  20.          EMPNO ENAME             SAL                                                                                         
  21.     ---------- ---------- ----------                                                                                         
  22.           7782 CLARK            2450                                                                                         
  23.                                                                                                                              
  24.     SQL> select * from t where empno=7782;                                                                                   
  25.                                                                                                                              
  26.          EMPNO ENAME             SAL                                                                                         
  27.     ---------- ---------- ----------                                                                                         
  28.           7782 CLARK            2450                                                                                         
  29.                                                                                                                              
  30.     /*********************由下面的查询(v$sqlarea)可知产生了3个父游标,其中一个父游标(2r6rbdp92kyh9)执行了2次 ************/   
  31.     /**************************************************/                                                                     
  32.     /* Author: Robinson Cheng                         */                                                                     
  33.     /* Blog:   http://blog.csdn.net/robinson_0612     */                                                                     
  34.     /* MSN:    robinson_0612@hotmail.com              */                                                                     
  35.     /* QQ:     645746311                              */                                                                     
  36.     /**************************************************/                                                                     
  37.                                                                                                                            
  38.     SQL> col sql_text format a40                                                                                             
  39.     SQL> select sql_id,sql_text,executions from v$sqlarea                                                                    
  40.       2  where sql_text like '%empno=7782%' and sql_text not like '%from v$sqlarea%';                                        
  41.                                                                                                                              
  42.     SQL_ID        SQL_TEXT                                 EXECUTIONS                                                        
  43.     ------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------                                                        
  44.     4rs2136z084y1 SELECT * from t where empno=7782                  1                                                        
  45.     84w067b4n91h5 SELECT * FROM t WHERE empno=7782                  1                                                        
  46.     2r6rbdp92kyh9 select * from t where empno=7782                  2                                                        
  47.                                                                                                                              
  48.     /************上面3个父游标对应的子游标可以在v$sql中获得 *******************/                                             
  49.     SQL> select sql_id,hash_value,child_number,plan_hash_value,sql_text,executions from v$sql                                
  50.       2  where sql_text like '%empno=7782%' and sql_text not like '%from v$sql%';                                            
  51.                                                                                                                              
  52.     SQL_ID        HASH_VALUE CHILD_NUMBER PLAN_HASH_VALUE SQL_TEXT                                 EXECUTIONS                
  53.     ------------- ---------- ------------ --------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------                
  54.     4rs2136z084y1 3187938241            0      1601196873 SELECT * from t where empno=7782                  1                
  55.     84w067b4n91h5 3376711173            0      1601196873 SELECT * FROM t WHERE empno=7782                  1                
  56.     2r6rbdp92kyh9 1378449929            0      1601196873 select * from t where empno=7782                  2                
  57.                                                                                                                              
  58.     /******************调整optimizer_index_caching 参数并执行聚合查询 ************************/                              
  59.     SQL> alter session set optimizer_index_caching=40;                                                                       
  60.                                                                                                                              
  61.     Session altered.                                                                                                         
  62.                                                                                                                              
  63.     SQL> select sum(sal) from t;                                                                                             
  64.                                                                                                                              
  65.       SUM(SAL)                                                                                                               
  66.     ----------                                                                                                               
  67.           8750                                                                                                               
  68.                                                                                                                              
  69.     SQL> alter session set optimizer_index_caching=100;                                                                      
  70.                                                                                                                              
  71.     Session altered.                                                                                                         
  72.                                                                                                                              
  73.     SQL> select sum(sal) from t;                                                                                             
  74.                                                                                                                              
  75.       SUM(SAL)                                                                                                               
  76.     ----------                                                                                                               
  77.           8750                                                                                                               
  78.                                                                                                                              
  79.     /***************相同的查询由于不同的运行环境导致产生了不同的子游标,optimizer_env_hash_value值不同 **************/       
  80.     /***************不同的子游标有不同的child_address 值         ****************************/                               
  81.     SQL> select sql_id, child_number, sql_text,optimizer_env_hash_value oehv,child_address                                   
  82.       2  from v$sql where sql_text like '%sum(sal)%' and sql_text not like '%from v$sql%';                                   
  83.                                                                                                                              
  84.     SQL_ID        CHILD_NUMBER SQL_TEXT                                       OEHV CHILD_ADDRESS                             
  85.     ------------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- ---------- ----------------                          
  86.     gu68ka2qzx3hh            0 select sum(sal) from t                   3620536549 0000000093696D00                          
  87.     gu68ka2qzx3hh            1 select sum(sal) from t                   2687219005 0000000093767F58                          
  88.                                                                                                                              
  89.     /********** 查询v$sql_shared_cursor可以跟踪是那些变化导致了子游标不能共享,此例为optimizer_mismatch *****************/    
  90.     SQL> SELECT child_number, optimizer_mismatch                                                                             
  91.       2  FROM v$sql_shared_cursor                                                                                            
  92.       3  WHERE sql_id = '&sql_id';                                                                                           
  93.     Enter value for sql_id: gu68ka2qzx3hh                                                                                    
  94.     old   3: WHERE sql_id = '&sql_id'                                                                                        
  95.     new   3: WHERE sql_id = 'gu68ka2qzx3hh'                                                                                  
  96.                                                                                                                              
  97.     CHILD_NUMBER O                                                                                                           
  98.     ------------ -                                                                                                           
  99.                0 N                                                                                                           
  100.                1 Y                                                                                                           
  101.     /***********************观察父游标address,hash_value,sql_id ******************/                                          
  102.     /***********************观察子游标address,hash_value,child_number,sql_id,child_address ******************/               
  103.     /************************从Oracle 10g 之后,sql_id既可以唯一确定一个父游标,sql_id,child_number唯一确定一个子游标*****/  
  104.     SQL> SELECT address,hash_value,sql_id FROM v$sqlarea  WHERE sql_id='gu68ka2qzx3hh';                                      
  105.                                                                                                                              
  106.     ADDRESS          HASH_VALUE SQL_ID                                                                                       
  107.     ---------------- ---------- -------------                                                                                
  108.     000000009F8CBB58 2919140880 gu68ka2qzx3hh                                                                                
  109.                                                                                                                              
  110.     SQL> SELECT address,hash_value,child_number, sql_id,child_address                                                        
  111.       2  FROM v$sql WHERE sql_id='gu68ka2qzx3hh';                                                                            
  112.                                                                                                                              
  113.     ADDRESS          HASH_VALUE CHILD_NUMBER SQL_ID        CHILD_ADDRESS                                                     
  114.     ---------------- ---------- ------------ ------------- ----------------                                                  
  115.     000000009F8CBB58 2919140880            0 gu68ka2qzx3hh 0000000093696D00                                                  
  116.     000000009F8CBB58 2919140880            1 gu68ka2qzx3hh 0000000093767F58                                                  


六、总结
        1、硬解析通常是由于不可共享的父游标造成的,如经常变动的SQL语句,或动态SQL或未使用绑定变量等

        2、解决硬解析的办法则通常是使用绑定变量来解决
        3、与父游标SQL文本完全一致的情形下,多个相同的SQL语句可以共享一个父游标
        4、SQL文本、执行环境完全一致的情形下,子游标能够被共享,否则如果执行环境不一致则生成新的子游标

posted @ 2014-07-15 01:31  princessd8251  阅读(114)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报