MySQL之约束

约束(CONSTRAINT)

什么是约束?

​ 是一种限制,对某一个东西的限制。例如宪法规定了你违反的事情你是不能做的。这就是一种约束

​ 数据库的约束,是对数据的安全性,完整性的保证

mysql中的约束有哪些?

1. unique key(普通约束)

唯一性约束,表示这个不能出现重复的值,

# 完整的建表语句
create table table_name(字段名 字段类型[长度] [约束]) charset utf8;


# 创建表
mysql> create table student(
    -> naem char(20) not null,
    -> gender enum("g","b") default "b",
    -> id int unique) charset utf8;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.23 sec)

# 查看表结构
mysql> desc student;
+--------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field  | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| naem   | char(20)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| gender | enum('g','b') | YES  |     | b       |       |
| id     | int(11)       | YES  | UNI | NULL    |       |
+--------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)



mysql> insert into student values("潘立府",null,null);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+-----------+--------+------+
| naem      | gender | id   |
+-----------+--------+------+
| 潘立府    | NULL   | NULL |
+-----------+--------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

# 对name字段插入null时,提示报错
mysql> insert into student values(null,null,null);
ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'name' cannot be null

# 对name字段给定值后,发现能够插入数据
mysql> insert into student values("张三",null,null);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

# 查看数据
mysql> select * from student;
+--------+--------+------+
| name   | gender | id   |
+--------+--------+------+
| 张三   | NULL   | NULL |
+--------+--------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

# 发现问题:id字段为唯一性约束,不能出现重复值,但是重复插入null值,唯一约束没有生效
mysql> insert into student values("李四",null,null);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+--------+--------+------+
| name   | gender | id   |
+--------+--------+------+
| 张三   | NULL   | NULL |
| 李四   | NULL   | NULL |
+--------+--------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 此时想把id字段的属性改为:唯一性约束 + not null ,但是发现报错,原因:表中已经存在null值。
mysql> alter table student modify id int unique not null;
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '0' for key 'id'

# 于是删除数据,再修改id的属性
mysql> delete from student;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.29 sec)

mysql> alter table student modify id int unique not null;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.56 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 1

mysql> desc student;
+--------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field  | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| name   | char(20)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| gender | enum('g','b') | YES  |     | b       |       |
| id     | int(11)       | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
+--------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)


# 此时发现,插入数据时,id不能为null了。
mysql> insert into student values("李四",null,null);
ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'id' cannot be null

结论:字段只设置unique唯一性约束,null值依然能够插入,原因:mysql不能对null进行比较

2. not null

非空约束,表示这个字段的值不能为空

例如:账户名、密码等

3. default

默认值,用于给某一个字段设置默认值

4. primary key 主键约束

主键约束,从约束角度来看,主键等同于非空 + 唯一
主键与普通约束的区别:

# 创建主键字段:id
mysql> create table persong(
    -> id char(19) primary key,
    -> name char(20));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.46 sec)

# OK
mysql> insert into persong values("1","rose");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.29 sec)

# 主键冲突
mysql> insert into persong values("1","rose");
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY'

mysql> desc persong;
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type     | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | char(19) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
| name  | char(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+----------+------+-----+---------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

主键的特点:

  1. 主键是一种索引,索引的作用是加速查询效率。因此主键约束能加速我们查询的效率。

    在执行sql语句的前面加上:explain 可查看sql语句的执行计划

  2. 主键对于innodb引擎来说是必须要的,没有不行。即使我们在创建innodb引擎的表,没有创建主键,系统也会自动创建一个隐藏的主键。

  3. 一个表中只能存在一个主键


auto_increment(自增长)

mysql> create table teacher (id int primary key auto_increment,name char(20));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.47 sec)

# 第一种插入方法
mysql> insert into teacher values(null,"jack");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.28 sec)

mysql> insert into teacher values(null,"rose");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.29 sec)

mysql> insert into teacher values(null,"panlifu");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.29 sec)

mysql> insert into teacher values(null,"lt");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)

mysql> select * from teacher;
+----+---------+
| id | name    |
+----+---------+
|  1 | jack    |
|  2 | rose    |
|  3 | panlifu |
|  4 | lt      |
+----+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 第二种方式 插入数据
mysql> insert into teacher(name) values("xs");
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.29 sec)

mysql> select * from teacher;
+----+---------+
| id | name    |
+----+---------+
|  1 | jack    |
|  2 | rose    |
|  3 | panlifu |
|  4 | lt      |
|  5 | xs      |
+----+---------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 当auto_increment 约束 primary key时,即使我们插入数据指定为自增列为空,系统也会帮助我们自动增长。

5. foreign key 外键约束

一. 数据出现了大量的重复

二. 数据结构环混乱(耦合度高)

三. 当后期修改数据时,由于有大量的重复数据,必须每个都修改

如何创建外键索引:

第一阶段
  1. 应该先确定主键所在表的数据结构。例如:部门表(主表)

    create table dept(
    	id int primary key auto_increment,
        name char(20),
        job char(50),
        manager char(30)
    ) charset utf8;
    
    1. 在确认外键所在表的数据结构。例如:员工表(从表、子表)
create table teacher(
   	id int primary key auto_increment,
       name char(20),
       gender char(21),
       dept_id int
   ) charset utf8;

这里存在缺点:部门表和员工表之间没有建立联系,目前部门表修改数据,员工表无感知


第二阶段
  1. 对员工表进行约束(跟部门表建立联系)
create table teacher(
   	id int primary key auto_increment,
       name char(20),
       gender char(21),
       dept_id int,
       foreign key(dept_id) references dept(id)
   ) charset utf8;
   
   # dept_id 表示员工表的外键字段
   # dept 表示要关联的哪个表,这里指部门表
   # references  引用的意思
   # dept(id)  表示要关联dept表中的id字段

这样从表就跟主表建立了外键联系。


第三阶段:建立级联操作

因为外键存在第4点和第5点的原因,因此才有了级联的操作,来简化对数据库的管理

另外级联是建立在子表中的。

# 主库
create table dept(
	id int primary key auto_increment,
 name char(20),
 job char(50),
    manager char(30)
   ) charset utf8;
   

# 子表
create table teacher(
	id int primary key auto_increment,
 name char(20),
 gender char(21),
    dept_id int,
    foreign key(dept_id) references dept(id)
    on update cascade
    on delete cascade
   ) charset utf8;
   
# one delete cascade   应对 特征中的第4点
# on update cascade    应对 特征中的第5点

总结特征:

  1. 外键字段的数据类型必须跟关联表的字段类型 相近或者相等。例如主键的数据类型为int,外键的数据类型可以为logint等其他的整型数据。但是不能为字符串,date等数据

  2. 在从表中插入数据时,如果主表不存在对应的数据,那么会导致插入失败。

   create table dept(
   	id int primary key auto_increment,
       name char(20),
       job char(50),
       manager char(30)
   ) charset utf8;
   
   create table teacher(
   	id int primary key auto_increment,
       name char(20),
       gender char(21),
       dept_id int,
       foreign key(dept_id) references dept(id)
   ) charset utf8;
   
   mysql> insert into teacher values(null,"bgon","m",1);
   ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`plf`.`teacher`, CONSTRAINT `teacher_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dept_id`) REFERENCES `dept` (`id`))
   
  1. 从表更新外键时,必须保证外键的值在主表中是存在的
   create table dept(
   	id int primary key auto_increment,
       name char(20),
       job char(50),
       manager char(30)
   ) charset utf8;
   
   create table teacher(
   	id int primary key auto_increment,
       name char(20),
       gender char(21),
       dept_id int,
       foreign key(dept_id) references dept(id)
   ) charset utf8;
   
   mysql> select *from dept;
   Empty set (0.00 sec)
   
   mysql> select * from teacher;
   Empty set (0.00 sec)
   
   mysql> insert into dept values(null,"教学部","教学","bgon");
   Query OK, 1 row affected (0.29 sec)
   
   mysql> insert into dept values(null,"销售部","销售","plf");
   Query OK, 1 row affected (0.07 sec)
   
   mysql> select *from dept;
   +----+-----------+--------+---------+
   | id | name      | job    | manager |
   +----+-----------+--------+---------+
   |  1 | 教学部    | 教学   | bgon    |
   |  2 | 销售部    | 销售   | plf     |
   +----+-----------+--------+---------+
   2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
   
   mysql> insert into teacher values(null,'张三',"男",1);
   Query OK, 1 row affected (0.30 sec)
   
   mysql> select *from teacher;
   +----+--------+--------+---------+
   | id | name   | gender | dept_id |
   +----+--------+--------+---------+
   |  1 | 张三   | 男     |       1 |
   +----+--------+--------+---------+
   1 row in set (0.00 sec)
   
   # 当将dept_id更新为3时,报错。原因:主表中并没有编号为3的数据
   mysql> update teacher set dept_id = 3 where id =1;
   ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`test`.`teacher`, CONSTRAINT `teacher_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dept_id`) REFERENCES `dept` (`id`))
   mysql>
  1. 删除主表记录前,要保证从表中没有外键关联被删除的id(可以级联)
   mysql> select *from dept;
   +----+-----------+--------+---------+
   | id | name      | job    | manager |
   +----+-----------+--------+---------+
   |  1 | 教学部    | 教学   | bgon    |
   |  2 | 销售部    | 销售   | plf     |
   +----+-----------+--------+---------+
   2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
   
   mysql> select *from teacher;
   +----+--------+--------+---------+
   | id | name   | gender | dept_id |
   +----+--------+--------+---------+
   |  1 | 张三   | 男     |       1 |
   +----+--------+--------+---------+
   1 row in set (0.00 sec)
   
   mysql> delete from dept where id = 1;
   ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`test`.`teacher`, CONSTRAINT `teacher_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dept_id`) REFERENCES `dept` (`id`))
  1. 更新主表记录的主键时,要保证从表中没有外键关联被删除的id(可以级联)
   mysql> select *from dept;
   +----+-----------+--------+---------+
   | id | name      | job    | manager |
   +----+-----------+--------+---------+
   |  1 | 教学部    | 教学   | bgon    |
   |  2 | 销售部    | 销售   | plf     |
   +----+-----------+--------+---------+
   2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
   
   mysql> select *from teacher;
   +----+--------+--------+---------+
   | id | name   | gender | dept_id |
   +----+--------+--------+---------+
   |  1 | 张三   | 男     |       1 |
   +----+--------+--------+---------+
   1 row in set (0.00 sec)
   
   # 当更新主表编号为1的部门时,因为编号1部门下有一个人,所以不能更新
   mysql> update dept set id = 3 where id=1;
   ERROR 1451 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails (`test`.`teacher`, CONSTRAINT `teacher_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`dept_id`) REFERENCES `dept` (`id`))
   mysql>
  1. 必须先创建主表,子表才能用外键
   
  1. 删除表的操作,先删除从表,再删除主表
   mysql> select *from dept;
   +----+-----------+--------+---------+
   | id | name      | job    | manager |
   +----+-----------+--------+---------+
   |  1 | 教学部    | 教学   | bgon    |
   |  2 | 销售部    | 销售   | plf     |
   +----+-----------+--------+---------+
   2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
   
   mysql> select *from teacher;
   +----+--------+--------+---------+
   | id | name   | gender | dept_id |
   +----+--------+--------+---------+
   |  1 | 张三   | 男     |       1 |
   +----+--------+--------+---------+
   1 row in set (0.00 sec)
   
   # 不能删除
   mysql> drop table dept;
   ERROR 1217 (23000): Cannot delete or update a parent row: a foreign key constraint fails

级联操作

产生的原因:

当我们需要删除部门(主表)信息时,必须先删除从表中关联的数据,很麻烦。

级联操作指的就是,当你操作主表时,自动操作从表

两种级联的定义方式

一. 在表定义阶段进行定义:
  1. 级联的删除

    create table student_b(
    	class_id int,
        name char(10),
        age int,
        foreign key(class_id) references class_b(id)
        on delete cascade
    ) charset utf8;
    
  2. 级联的更新

    create table student_b(
    	class_id int,
     name char(10),
        age int,
        foreign key(class_id) references class_b(id)
        on update cascade
    ) charset utf8;
    
  3. 级联的删除和更新

    create table teacher(
    	id int primary key auto_increment,
    	name char(20),
    	gender char(21),
     	dept_id int,
     	foreign key(dept_id) references dept(id)
     	on update cascade
     	on delete cascade
    ) charset utf8;
    
二. 表存在的情况下,先将之前的外键删除掉,然后通过alter增加外键级联:
# 删除外键
mysql> alter table teacher drop foreign key 外键的ID;

# 增加外键并增加级联删除和更新
mysql> alter table teacher add constraint dept_id foreign key(dept_id) references dept(id) on delete cascade on update cascade;
posted @ 2019-07-12 16:46  Hello_Jack  阅读(1357)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报
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