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2.1初识神经网络

1.关于类和标签的说明

在机器学习中,分类问题中的某个类别叫做类(class)。数据点叫做样本(sample)。某个样本对应的类叫做标签(label)。

 

 2.加载keras中的MNIST数据集

from keras.datasets import mnist
(train_images, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = minst.load_data()

训练集(training set):train_images and train_labels

测试集(test set):test_images and test_labels

注:图像被编码为Numpy数组,而标签是数字数组,取值为0~9。图像与标签一一对应。

训练数据:

测试数据:

 

 完整代码:

from keras.datasets import mnist
(train_images, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = mnist.load_data()

#查看训练数据
print(train_images.shape)
print(len(train_labels))
print(train_labels)

#查看测试数据
print(test_images.shape)
print(len(test_labels))
print(test_labels)

接下来的工作流程:

 

 3.构建网络

from keras import models
from keras import layers

network = models.Sequential()

#两个Dense层,密集连接(全连接)的神经层 network.add(layers.Dense(
512, activation='relu', input_shape=(28 * 28,)))

#10路softmax层,返回一个由10个概率值(总和为1)组成的数组 network.add(layers.Dense(
10, activation='softmax'))

网络核心组件是层,它是一种数据处理模块,相当于数据过滤器。大多数深度学习只是将一些简单的层连接起来,从而实现渐进式的数据蒸馏。

想要训练网络,需要选择编译步骤的三个参数:

损失函数(loss function):网络如何衡量在训练数据中的性能,即网络如何朝着正确的方向前进

优化器(optimizer):基于训练数据和损失函数来更新网络的机制

监控指标(metric):比如精度,正确分类图像所占比例

3.编译步骤

network.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
                loss='categorical_crossentropy',
                metrics=['accuracy'])

在开始训练之前,将对数据进行预处理,将其变换到网络要求的形状,并缩放所有值都在[0,1]区间。比如,之前训练图像保存在一个unit8类型的数组中,其形状为(60000,28,28),取值为[0,255]。我们需要将其变换为一个float32数组,其形状为(60000,28*28),取值范围为[0,1].

4.准备图像数据

train_images = train_images.reshape((60000, 28*28))
train_images = train_images.astype('float32')/255

test_images = test_images.reshape((10000, 28*28))
test_images = test_images.astype('float32')/255

5.准备标签

from keras.utils import to_categorical

train_labels = to_categorical(train_labels)
test_labels = to_categorical(test_labels)

6.训练数据

在keras中是通过调用网络中的fit方法来完成的,在训练数据中拟合(fit)模型

print(network.fit(train_images, train_labels, epochs=5, batch_size=128))

7.检查在测试集上的性能

test_loss, test_acc = network.evaluate(test_images, test_labels)
print('test_loss:', test_loss)
print('test_acc:', test_acc)

 

 完整代码:

# -*- coding = utf-8 -*-
# @Time : 2021/5/14
# @Author : pistachio
# @File : 21.py
# @Software : PyCharm

from keras.datasets import mnist
from keras import models
from keras import layers
from keras.utils import to_categorical

(train_images, train_labels), (test_images, test_labels) = mnist.load_data()

network = models.Sequential()
network.add(layers.Dense(512, activation='relu', input_shape=(28 * 28,)))
network.add(layers.Dense(10, activation='softmax'))

network.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
                loss='categorical_crossentropy',
                metrics=['accuracy'])

train_images = train_images.reshape((60000, 28*28))
train_images = train_images.astype('float32')/255

test_images = test_images.reshape((10000, 28*28))
test_images = test_images.astype('float32')/255

train_labels = to_categorical(train_labels)
test_labels = to_categorical(test_labels)

print(network.fit(train_images, train_labels, epochs=5, batch_size=128))

test_loss, test_acc = network.evaluate(test_images, test_labels)
print('test_loss:', test_loss)
print('test_acc:', test_acc)

测试精度为98%,比训练精度99%少不少。训练精度和测试精度这种差距是过拟合造成的

 

posted @ 2021-05-14 22:44  追风赶月的少年  阅读(243)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报