使用dpkg在ubuntu上安装软件包遇到依赖包的问题

问题

在ubuntu上使用apt-get安装软件包，系统会自动安装依赖的软件包，但是使用dpkg在ubuntu上安装软件包时不会，有时会遇到下面的错误：

pengdl@pengdl-HP:~/Soft$ sudo dpkg -i virtualbox-7.0_7.0.14-161095~Ubuntu~focal_amd64.deb
[sudo] password for pengdl:
Selecting previously unselected package virtualbox-7.0.
(Reading database ... 278532 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack virtualbox-7.0_7.0.14-161095~Ubuntu~focal_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking virtualbox-7.0 (7.0.14-161095~Ubuntu~focal) ...
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of virtualbox-7.0:
 virtualbox-7.0 depends on libqt5help5 (>= 5.9.0); however:
  Package libqt5help5 is not installed.
 virtualbox-7.0 depends on libqt5opengl5 (>= 5.0.2); however:
  Package libqt5opengl5 is not installed.
 virtualbox-7.0 depends on libqt5x11extras5 (>= 5.6.0); however:
  Package libqt5x11extras5 is not installed.
 virtualbox-7.0 depends on libqt5xml5 (>= 5.0.2); however:
  Package libqt5xml5 is not installed.

dpkg: error processing package virtualbox-7.0 (--install):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
Processing triggers for systemd (245.4-4ubuntu3.23) ...
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.36.0-1ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.24-1ubuntu3) ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.64ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme (0.17-2) ...
Processing triggers for shared-mime-info (1.15-1) ...
Errors were encountered while processing:
 virtualbox-7.0

解决

• 查看当前的依赖关系问题：

$ sudo apt install --fix-missing
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
You might want to run 'apt --fix-broken install' to correct these.
The following packages have unmet dependencies:
 virtualbox-7.0 : Depends: libqt5help5 (>= 5.9.0) but it is not installed
                  Depends: libqt5opengl5 (>= 5.0.2) but it is not installed
                  Depends: libqt5x11extras5 (>= 5.6.0) but it is not installed
                  Depends: libqt5xml5 (>= 5.0.2) but it is not installed
                  Recommends: libsdl-ttf2.0-0 but it is not installed
E: Unmet dependencies. Try 'apt --fix-broken install' with no packages (or specify a solution).

• 解决依赖关系问题

$ sudo apt install --fix-broken
pengdl@pengdl-HP:~/Soft$ sudo apt install --fix-broken
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Correcting dependencies... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  gir1.2-goa-1.0 libfwupdplugin1 libpkgconf3 libxmlb1
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libqt5help5 libqt5opengl5 libqt5sql5 libqt5sql5-sqlite libqt5x11extras5 libqt5xml5
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  libqt5help5 libqt5opengl5 libqt5sql5 libqt5sql5-sqlite libqt5x11extras5 libqt5xml5
0 upgraded, 6 newly installed, 0 to remove and 12 not upgraded.
1 not fully installed or removed.
Need to get 554 kB of archives.
After this operation, 2,408 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
Get:1 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 libqt5sql5 amd64 5.12.8+dfsg-0ubuntu2.1 [121 kB]
Get:2 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libqt5help5 amd64 5.12.8-0ubuntu1 [134 kB]
Get:3 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 libqt5opengl5 amd64 5.12.8+dfsg-0ubuntu2.1 [136 kB]
Get:4 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libqt5x11extras5 amd64 5.12.8-0ubuntu1 [10.3 kB]
Get:5 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 libqt5xml5 amd64 5.12.8+dfsg-0ubuntu2.1 [105 kB]
Get:6 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu focal-updates/universe amd64 libqt5sql5-sqlite amd64 5.12.8+dfsg-0ubuntu2.1 [47.6 kB]
Fetched 554 kB in 1s (385 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5sql5:amd64.
(Reading database ... 279268 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../0-libqt5sql5_5.12.8+dfsg-0ubuntu2.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5sql5:amd64 (5.12.8+dfsg-0ubuntu2.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5help5:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../1-libqt5help5_5.12.8-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5help5:amd64 (5.12.8-0ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5opengl5:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../2-libqt5opengl5_5.12.8+dfsg-0ubuntu2.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5opengl5:amd64 (5.12.8+dfsg-0ubuntu2.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5x11extras5:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../3-libqt5x11extras5_5.12.8-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5x11extras5:amd64 (5.12.8-0ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5xml5:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../4-libqt5xml5_5.12.8+dfsg-0ubuntu2.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5xml5:amd64 (5.12.8+dfsg-0ubuntu2.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libqt5sql5-sqlite:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../5-libqt5sql5-sqlite_5.12.8+dfsg-0ubuntu2.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libqt5sql5-sqlite:amd64 (5.12.8+dfsg-0ubuntu2.1) ...
Setting up libqt5x11extras5:amd64 (5.12.8-0ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libqt5sql5:amd64 (5.12.8+dfsg-0ubuntu2.1) ...
Setting up libqt5xml5:amd64 (5.12.8+dfsg-0ubuntu2.1) ...
Setting up libqt5opengl5:amd64 (5.12.8+dfsg-0ubuntu2.1) ...
Setting up libqt5sql5-sqlite:amd64 (5.12.8+dfsg-0ubuntu2.1) ...
Setting up libqt5help5:amd64 (5.12.8-0ubuntu1) ...
Setting up virtualbox-7.0 (7.0.14-161095~Ubuntu~focal) ...
Adding group `vboxusers' (GID 138) ...
Done.
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9.14) ...

完。