Spring Bean 自动装配

7. Bean的自动装配

  • 自动装配是Spring满足bean依赖一种方式
  • Spring会在上下文中自动寻找,并自动给bean装配属性

在Spring中有三种装配的方式

  1. 在xml中显示的配置
  2. 在java中显示配置
  3. 隐式的自动装配bean ※

7.1 测试

环境搭建:一个人有两个宠物

package com.peng.pojo;

public class Cat {
    public void shout(){
        System.out.println("miao~");
    }
}

public class Dog {
    public void shout(){
        System.out.println("wang~");
    }
}

package com.peng.pojo;

public class People {
    private Cat cat;
    private Dog dog;
    private String name;

    public Cat getCat() {
        return cat;
    }

    public void setCat(Cat cat) {
        this.cat = cat;
    }

    public Dog getDog() {
        return dog;
    }

    public void setDog(Dog dog) {
        this.dog = dog;
    }

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "People{" +
                "cat=" + cat +
                ", dog=" + dog +
                ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
       xmlns:c="http://www.springframework.org/schema/c"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

    <bean id="cat" class="com.peng.pojo.Cat"/>
    <bean id="dog" class="com.peng.pojo.Dog"/>

    <bean id="people" class="com.peng.pojo.People">
        <property name="name" value="peng"/>
        <property name="cat" ref="cat"/>
        <property name="dog" ref="dog"/>
    </bean>
</beans>
import com.peng.pojo.People;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;

public class MyTest {
    @Test
    public void test1(){
        ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");

        People people = context.getBean("people",People.class);
        System.out.println(people.toString());
        people.getCat().shout();
        people.getDog().shout();
    }
}

7.2 自动装配

  1. <!--byName:会自动在容器上下文中查线,和白己对象set方法后面的值对应的beanid !-->
    <bean id="people" class="com.peng.pojo.People" autowire="byName">
    	<property name="name" value="peng"/>
    </bean>
    
  2. <bean class="com.peng.pojo.Cat"/>
    <bean class="com.peng.pojo.Dog"/>
    
    <!--byType:会自动在容器上下文中查找,和自己对象属性类型相同的bean!-->
    <bean id="people" class="com.peng.pojo.People" autowire="byType">
        <property name="name" value="peng"/>
    </bean>
    

小结:

byname的时候,需要保证所有bean的id唯一,并且这个bean需要和自动注入的属性的set方法的值一致!
bytype的时候,需要保证所有bean的class唯一,并且这个bean需要和自动注入的属性的类型一致!

7.3 使用注解实现自动装配

jdk1.5支持的注解,Spring2.5就支持注解了!

官网介绍:The introduction of annotation-based configuration raised the question of whether this approach is “better” than XML.

要使用注解须知:

  1. 导入约束:context约束

  2. 配置注解的支持:context:annotation-config/

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
        xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
        xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
        xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
            https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
            https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd">
    
        <context:annotation-config/>
    
    </beans>
    
  3. @Autowired 在属性上用:使用Autowired我们可以不用编写Set方法了,前提是你这个自动装配的属性在I0C (Spring) 容器中存在,且符合名字,即 byName!

    public class People {
    
        @Autowired
        private Cat cat;
        @Autowired
        private Dog dog;
        private String name;
    
        public Cat getCat() { return cat;}
    
        public Dog getDog() {return dog;}
    
        public String getName() {return name;}
    
        public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}
    
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "People{" +
                    "cat=" + cat +
                    ", dog=" + dog +
                    ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                    '}';
        }
    }
    

    @Autowired 在set方法上用

    import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
    
    public class People {
    
        private Cat cat;
        private Dog dog;
        private String name;
    
        public Cat getCat() {return cat;}
    
        @Autowired
        public void setCat(Cat cat) {
            this.cat = cat;
        }
    
        public Dog getDog() {return dog;}
    
        @Autowired
        public void setDog(Dog dog) {
            this.dog = dog;
        }
    
        public String getName() {return name;}
    
        public void setName(String name) {this.name = name;}
    
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "People{" +
                    "cat=" + cat +
                    ", dog=" + dog +
                    ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                    '}';
        }
    }
    

    构造器中加注解 @Nullable name可以为空,在初始化时不给name赋值也不会报错

    public People(@Nullable String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    

    如果显示定义了Autowired的required属性为false, 说明这个对象可以为mull,否则不允许为空

    @Autowired(required = false)
    private Cat cat;
    

    如果@Autowired自动装配的环境比较复杂,自动装配无法通过一个注解【@Autowired】完成的时候,我们可以使用 @Qualifier(value="xxx") 去配合@Autowired的使用, 指定一个唯一的bean对象注入!

    public class People {
        @Autowired
        @Qualifier(value="dog222")
        private Dog dog;
    }
    

    @Resource注解

    public class People {
        @Resource(name="dog222")
        private Dog dog;
        @Resource
        private Cat cat;
    }
    

    @Resource和@ Autowired的区别:

    • 都是用来自动装配的,都可以放在属性字段上
    • @Autowired通过byType的方式实现,而且必须要求这个对象存在!【常用]】
    • @Resource默认通过byName的方式实现,如果找不到名字,则通过byType实现!如果两个都找不到的情况下,就报错! 【常用】
    • 执行顺序不同:@Autowired:类型、名字;@Resource:名字、类型
posted @ 2020-07-10 15:35  鹏懿如斯  阅读(457)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报