Python操作rabbitMQ

引入

RabbitMQ 是一个由 Erlang 语言开发的 AMQP 的开源实现。

rabbitMQ是一款基于AMQP协议的消息中间件，它能够在应用之间提供可靠的消息传输。在易用性，扩展性，高可用性上表现优秀。使用消息中间件利于应用之间的解耦，生产者（客户端）无需知道消费者（服务端）的存在。而且两端可以使用不同的语言编写，大大提供了灵活性。

中文文档

安装

# 安装配置epel源
    rpm -ivh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm
 
# 安装erlang
    yum -y install erlang
 
# 安装RabbitMQ
    yum -y install rabbitmq-server

# 启动/停止
    service rabbitmq-server start/stop

rabbitMQ工作模型

简单模式

import pika
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters( host='localhost'))

channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

channel.basic_publish(exchange='',
                      routing_key='hello',
                      body='Hello World!')

print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'")
connection.close()

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
 
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')
 
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
 
channel.basic_consume( callback,
                       queue='hello',
                       no_ack=True)
 
print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
channel.start_consuming()

相关参数

1，no-ack ＝ False

如果消费者遇到情况(its channel is closed, connection is closed, or TCP connection is lost)挂掉了，那么，RabbitMQ会重新将该任务添加到队列中。

• 回调函数中的 ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag)
• basic_comsume中的no_ack=False

接收消息端应该这么写：

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
        host='10.211.55.4'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
    import time
    time.sleep(10)
    print 'ok'
    ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)

channel.basic_consume(callback,
                      queue='hello',
                      no_ack=False)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
channel.start_consuming()

2，durable ：消息不丢失

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='10.211.55.4'))
channel = connection.channel()

# make message persistent
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello', durable=True)

channel.basic_publish(exchange='',
                      routing_key='hello',
                      body='Hello World!',
                      properties=pika.BasicProperties(
                          delivery_mode=2, # make message persistent
                      ))
print(" [x] Sent 'Hello World!'")
connection.close()

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='10.211.55.4'))
channel = connection.channel()

# make message persistent
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello', durable=True)


def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
    import time
    time.sleep(10)
    print 'ok'
    ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)

channel.basic_consume(callback,
                      queue='hello',
                      no_ack=False)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
channel.start_consuming()

3，消息获取顺序

默认消息队列里的数据是按照顺序被消费者拿走，例如：消费者1 去队列中获取 奇数 序列的任务，消费者1去队列中获取 偶数 序列的任务。

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1) 表示谁来谁取，不再按照奇偶数排列

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='10.211.55.4'))
channel = connection.channel()

# make message persistent
channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')


def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
    import time
    time.sleep(10)
    print 'ok'
    ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)

channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)

channel.basic_consume(callback,
                      queue='hello',
                      no_ack=False)

print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
channel.start_consuming()

exchange模型

1，发布订阅

发布订阅和简单的消息队列区别在于，发布订阅会将消息发送给所有的订阅者，而消息队列中的数据被消费一次便消失。所以，RabbitMQ实现发布和订阅时，会为每一个订阅者创建一个队列，而发布者发布消息时，会将消息放置在所有相关队列中。

exchange type = fanout

import pika
import sys

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
        host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs',
                         type='fanout')

message = ' '.join(sys.argv[1:]) or "info: Hello World!"
channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs',
                      routing_key='',
                      body=message)
print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)
connection.close()

import pika

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
        host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs',
                         type='fanout')

result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
queue_name = result.method.queue

channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs',
                   queue=queue_name)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] %r" % body)

channel.basic_consume(callback,
                      queue=queue_name,
                      no_ack=True)

channel.start_consuming()

2，关键字发送

之前事例，发送消息时明确指定某个队列并向其中发送消息，RabbitMQ还支持根据关键字发送，即：队列绑定关键字，发送者将数据根据关键字发送到消息exchange，exchange根据 关键字 判定应该将数据发送至指定队列。

exchange type = direct

import pika
import sys

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
        host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs',
                         type='direct')

result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
queue_name = result.method.queue

severities = sys.argv[1:]
if not severities:
    sys.stderr.write("Usage: %s [info] [warning] [error]\n" % sys.argv[0])
    sys.exit(1)

for severity in severities:
    channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs',
                       queue=queue_name,
                       routing_key=severity)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))

channel.basic_consume(callback,
                      queue=queue_name,
                      no_ack=True)

channel.start_consuming()

3，模糊匹配

exchange type = topic

发送者路由值              队列中
old.boy.python          old.*  -- 不匹配
old.boy.python          old.#  -- 匹配

在topic类型下，可以让队列绑定几个模糊的关键字，之后发送者将数据发送到exchange，exchange将传入”路由值“和 ”关键字“进行匹配，匹配成功，则将数据发送到指定队列。

• # 表示可以匹配 0 个 或 多个 单词
• *  表示只能匹配 一个 单词

import pika
import sys

connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
        host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()

channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs',
                         type='topic')

result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
queue_name = result.method.queue

binding_keys = sys.argv[1:]
if not binding_keys:
    sys.stderr.write("Usage: %s [binding_key]...\n" % sys.argv[0])
    sys.exit(1)

for binding_key in binding_keys:
    channel.queue_bind(exchange='topic_logs',
                       queue=queue_name,
                       routing_key=binding_key)

print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')

def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
    print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))

channel.basic_consume(callback,
                      queue=queue_name,
                      no_ack=True)

channel.start_consuming()

基于rabbitMQ的RPC

Callback queue 回调队列

一个客户端向服务器发送请求，服务器端处理请求后，将其处理结果保存在一个存储体中。而客户端为了获得处理结果，那么客户在向服务器发送请求时，同时发送一个回调队列地址 reply_to。

Correlation id 关联标识

一个客户端可能会发送多个请求给服务器，当服务器处理完后，客户端无法辨别在回调队列中的响应具体和那个请求时对应的。为了处理这种情况，客户端在发送每个请求时，同时会附带一个独有correlation_id属性，这样客户端在回调队列中根据correlation_id字段的值就可以分辨此响应属于哪个请求。

客户端发送请求：

　　某个应用将请求信息交给客户端，然后客户端发送RPC请求，在发送RPC请求到RPC请求队列时，客户端至少发送带有reply_to以及correlation_id两个属性的信息

服务端工作流：

　　等待接受客户端发来RPC请求，当请求出现的时候，服务器从RPC请求队列中取出请求，然后处理后，将响应发送到reply_to指定的回调队列中

客户端接受处理结果：

　　客户端等待回调队列中出现响应，当响应出现时，它会根据响应中correlation_id字段的值，将其返回给对应的应用

import pika

# 建立连接，服务器地址为localhost，可指定ip地址
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
        host='localhost'))

# 建立会话
channel = connection.channel()

# 声明RPC请求队列
channel.queue_declare(queue='rpc_queue')

# 数据处理方法
def fib(n):
    if n == 0:
        return 0
    elif n == 1:
        return 1
    else:
        return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)

# 对RPC请求队列中的请求进行处理
def on_request(ch, method, props, body):
    n = int(body)

    print(" [.] fib(%s)" % n)

    # 调用数据处理方法
    response = fib(n)

    # 将处理结果(响应)发送到回调队列
    ch.basic_publish(exchange='',
                     routing_key=props.reply_to,
                     properties=pika.BasicProperties(correlation_id = \
                                                         props.correlation_id),
                     body=str(response))
    ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)

# 负载均衡，同一时刻发送给该服务器的请求不超过一个
channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)

channel.basic_consume(on_request, queue='rpc_queue')

print(" [x] Awaiting RPC requests")
channel.start_consuming()

import pika
import uuid

class FibonacciRpcClient(object):
    def __init__(self):
        """
        客户端启动时，创建回调队列，会开启会话用于发送RPC请求以及接受响应
        """
        # 建立连接，指定服务器的ip地址
        self.connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
                host='localhost'))
                
        # 建立一个会话，每个channel代表一个会话任务
        self.channel = self.connection.channel()
        
        # 声明回调队列，再次声明的原因是，服务器和客户端可能先后开启，该声明是幂等的，多次声明，但只生效一次
        result = self.channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
        # 将次队列指定为当前客户端的回调队列
        self.callback_queue = result.method.queue
        
        # 客户端订阅回调队列，当回调队列中有响应时，调用`on_response`方法对响应进行处理; 
        self.channel.basic_consume(self.on_response, no_ack=True,
                                   queue=self.callback_queue)


    # 对回调队列中的响应进行处理的函数
    def on_response(self, ch, method, props, body):
        if self.corr_id == props.correlation_id:
            self.response = body


    # 发出RPC请求
    def call(self, n):
    
        # 初始化 response
        self.response = None
        
        #生成correlation_id 
        self.corr_id = str(uuid.uuid4())
        
        # 发送RPC请求内容到RPC请求队列`rpc_queue`，同时发送的还有`reply_to`和`correlation_id`
        self.channel.basic_publish(exchange='',
                                   routing_key='rpc_queue',
                                   properties=pika.BasicProperties(
                                         reply_to = self.callback_queue,
                                         correlation_id = self.corr_id,
                                         ),
                                   body=str(n))
                                   
        
        while self.response is None:
            self.connection.process_data_events()
        return int(self.response)

# 建立客户端
fibonacci_rpc = FibonacciRpcClient()

# 发送RPC请求
print(" [x] Requesting fib(30)")
response = fibonacci_rpc.call(30)
print(" [.] Got %r" % response)