【转载】SQLite基本语法手册(一)
SQLite是一个软件库,用于实现自包含、非服务式、零配置、事务化的SQL数据库引擎。SQLite是一个嵌入式SQL数据库引擎,与其它大多数SQL数据库不同的是,SQLite没有独立的服务进程。SQLite直接读写原始的磁盘文件,一个拥有多个表、索引、触发器和视图的完整SQL数据库就包含在一个独立的磁盘文件中。
一.结构定义
1.CREATE TABLE:创建新表。
语法:
sql-command ::= CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TABLE table-name (
column-def [, column-def]*
[, constraint]*
)
sql-command ::= CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TABLE [database-name.] table-name AS select-statement
column-def ::= name [type] [[CONSTRAINT name] column-constraint]*
type ::= typename |
typename ( number ) |
typename ( number , number )
column-constraint ::= NOT NULL [ conflict-clause ] |
PRIMARY KEY [sort-order] [ conflict-clause ] |
UNIQUE [ conflict-clause ] |
CHECK ( expr ) [ conflict-clause ] |
DEFAULT value |
COLLATE collation-name
constraint ::= PRIMARY KEY ( column-list ) [ conflict-clause ] |
UNIQUE ( column-list ) [ conflict-clause ] |
CHECK ( expr ) [ conflict-clause ]
conflict-clause ::= ON CONFLICT conflict-algorithm
sql-command ::= CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TABLE table-name (
column-def [, column-def]*
[, constraint]*
)
sql-command ::= CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TABLE [database-name.] table-name AS select-statement
column-def ::= name [type] [[CONSTRAINT name] column-constraint]*
type ::= typename |
typename ( number ) |
typename ( number , number )
column-constraint ::= NOT NULL [ conflict-clause ] |
PRIMARY KEY [sort-order] [ conflict-clause ] |
UNIQUE [ conflict-clause ] |
CHECK ( expr ) [ conflict-clause ] |
DEFAULT value |
COLLATE collation-name
constraint ::= PRIMARY KEY ( column-list ) [ conflict-clause ] |
UNIQUE ( column-list ) [ conflict-clause ] |
CHECK ( expr ) [ conflict-clause ]
conflict-clause ::= ON CONFLICT conflict-algorithm
2.CREATE VIEW:创建一个视图(虚拟表),该表以另一种方式表示一个或多个表中的数据。
语法:
sql-command ::= CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] VIEW [database-name.] view-name AS select-statement
例子:
CREATE VIEW master_view AS
SELECT * FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='view';
说明:
创建一个名为master_view的视图,其中包括sqlite_master这个表中的所有视图表。
sql-command ::= CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] VIEW [database-name.] view-name AS select-statement
例子:
CREATE VIEW master_view AS
SELECT * FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='view';
说明:
创建一个名为master_view的视图,其中包括sqlite_master这个表中的所有视图表。
3.CREATE TRIGGER:创建触发器,触发器是一种特殊的存储过程,在用户试图对指定的表执行指定的数据修改语句时自动执行。
语法:
sql-statement ::= CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TRIGGER trigger-name [ BEFORE | AFTER ]
database-event ON [database-name .] table-name
trigger-action
sql-statement ::= CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TRIGGER trigger-name INSTEAD OF
database-event ON [database-name .] view-name
trigger-action
database-event ::= DELETE |
INSERT |
UPDATE |
UPDATE OF column-list
trigger-action ::= [ FOR EACH ROW | FOR EACH STATEMENT ] [ WHEN expression ]
BEGIN
trigger-step ; [ trigger-step ; ]*
END
trigger-step ::= update-statement | insert-statement |
delete-statement | select-statement
例子:
CREATE TRIGGER update_customer_address UPDATE OF address ON customers
BEGIN
UPDATE orders SET address = new.address WHERE customer_name = old.name;
END;
说明:
创建了一个名为update_customer_address的触发器,当用户更新customers表中的address字段时,将触发并更新orders表中的address字段为新的值。
比如执行如下一条语句:
UPDATE customers SET address = '1 Main St.' WHERE name = 'Jack Jones';
数据库将自动执行如下语句:
UPDATE orders SET address = '1 Main St.' WHERE customer_name = 'Jack Jones';
sql-statement ::= CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TRIGGER trigger-name [ BEFORE | AFTER ]
database-event ON [database-name .] table-name
trigger-action
sql-statement ::= CREATE [TEMP | TEMPORARY] TRIGGER trigger-name INSTEAD OF
database-event ON [database-name .] view-name
trigger-action
database-event ::= DELETE |
INSERT |
UPDATE |
UPDATE OF column-list
trigger-action ::= [ FOR EACH ROW | FOR EACH STATEMENT ] [ WHEN expression ]
BEGIN
trigger-step ; [ trigger-step ; ]*
END
trigger-step ::= update-statement | insert-statement |
delete-statement | select-statement
例子:
CREATE TRIGGER update_customer_address UPDATE OF address ON customers
BEGIN
UPDATE orders SET address = new.address WHERE customer_name = old.name;
END;
说明:
创建了一个名为update_customer_address的触发器,当用户更新customers表中的address字段时,将触发并更新orders表中的address字段为新的值。
比如执行如下一条语句:
UPDATE customers SET address = '1 Main St.' WHERE name = 'Jack Jones';
数据库将自动执行如下语句:
UPDATE orders SET address = '1 Main St.' WHERE customer_name = 'Jack Jones';
4.CREATE INDEX:为给定表或视图创建索引。
语法:
sql-statement ::= CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX index-name
ON [database-name .] table-name ( column-name [, column-name]* )
[ ON CONFLICT conflict-algorithm ]
column-name ::= name [ COLLATE collation-name] [ ASC | DESC ]
例子:
CREATE INDEX idx_email ON customers (email);
说明:
为customers表中的email创建一个名为idx_email的字段。
sql-statement ::= CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX index-name
ON [database-name .] table-name ( column-name [, column-name]* )
[ ON CONFLICT conflict-algorithm ]
column-name ::= name [ COLLATE collation-name] [ ASC | DESC ]
例子:
CREATE INDEX idx_email ON customers (email);
说明:
为customers表中的email创建一个名为idx_email的字段。
二.结构删除
1.DROP TABLE:删除表定义及该表的所有索引。
语法:
sql-command ::= DROP TABLE [database-name.] table-name
例子:
DROP TABLE customers;
sql-command ::= DROP TABLE [database-name.] table-name
例子:
DROP TABLE customers;
2.DROP VIEW:删除一个视图。
语法:
sql-command ::= DROP VIEW view-name
例子:
DROP VIEW master_view;
sql-command ::= DROP VIEW view-name
例子:
DROP VIEW master_view;
3.DROP TRIGGER:删除一个触发器。
语法:
sql-statement ::= DROP TRIGGER [database-name .] trigger-name
例子:
DROP TRIGGER update_customer_address;
sql-statement ::= DROP TRIGGER [database-name .] trigger-name
例子:
DROP TRIGGER update_customer_address;
4.DROP INDEX:删除一个索引
语法:
sql-command ::= DROP INDEX [database-name .] index-name
例子:
DROP INDEX idx_email;
sql-command ::= DROP INDEX [database-name .] index-name
例子:
DROP INDEX idx_email;