Euler's totient function
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_totient_function
counts the positive integers up to a given integer n that are relatively prime to n.
if two numbers m and n are relatively prime, then φ(mn) = φ(m) φ(n);
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/同餘
数学上,同余(英语:congruence modulo[1],符號:≡)是數論中的一種等價關係[2]。當两个整数除以同一个正整数,若得相同余数,则二整数同余。同餘是抽象代數中的同餘關係的原型[3]。最先引用同余的概念与「≡」符号者为德國数学家高斯。
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_multiplicative_inverse
In modular arithmetic, the modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a modulo m is
an integer x such that a x ≡ 1 ( mod m ) .