en-zh（科学技术）science and technology-2

研究：长期不吃早餐，患心脏病风险增加87%

Skipping breakfast could raise risk of heart disease by 87%

Skipping breakfast could raise your risk of heart disease by 87 percent, according to a new study.

最新研究指出，不吃早餐可能会使患心脏病的风险增加87%。

Researchers at the University of Iowa analyzed 18 years of data on 6,550 people over 40 who had no history of heart disease.

艾奥瓦大学的研究人员分析了6550名40岁以上无心脏病史的人在18年间的数据。

They were given regular surveys, which included the question: 'how often do you eat breakfast?'

这些人定期接受调查，他们要回答的问题包括“你多久吃一次早餐？”

Most (59 percent) ate breakfast every day, but 5.1 percent never did, 10.9 percent rarely did, and 25 percent would skip a few days.

大多数人（59%）每天吃早餐，但5.1%的人从来不吃，10.9%的人偶尔吃，还有25%的人偶尔不吃。

The team found a clear link between breakfast habits and heart disease risk.

研究小组发现，早餐习惯与心脏病风险之间存在明显关联。

Those who didn't eat in the morning were up to 87 percent more likely to develop heart woes.

早上不吃东西的人患心脏疾病的可能性要高87%。

'Breakfast is believed to be an important meal of the day, whereas there has been an increasing prevalence of skipping breakfast over the past 50 years in the United States, with as many as 23.8 percent of young people skipping breakfast every day,' the authors write.

“人们认为早餐是一天中的重要一餐，而在美国，过去50年间，不吃早餐的现象越来越普遍，多达23.8%的年轻人每天都不吃早餐，”报告的作者们写道。

'However, studies on the health effects of skipping breakfast are sparse.'

“然而，关于不吃早餐对健康有何影响的研究少之又少。”

sparse [spɑːs]：adj.稀疏的；稀少的

 

To their knowledge, this is the first retrospective study to look at breakfast habits and cardiovascular mortality.

据他们所知，这是首个对早餐习惯与心血管疾病死亡率进行的回顾性研究。

mortality [mɔː'tælɪtɪ]：n.死亡数，死亡率

 

The team pointed to a few factors which could underlie this connection.

研究小组指出了有可能造成这种联系的几个因素。

First, those who don't eat breakfast may be more likely to snack unhealthily.

首先，不吃早餐的人更有可能吃不健康的零食。

Second, breakfast may help to balance blood sugar levels and control blood pressure.

其次，早餐可能有助于平衡血糖水平和控制血压。

The findings, published on the American College of Cardiology, come days after a similar study showed people who skip breakfast and eat a late dinner are less likely to survive a heart attack.

该研究结果刊登在《美国心脏病学会》期刊上，而在几天前，一项类似的研究显示，不吃早餐且吃晚饭较晚的人在心脏病发作时幸存下来的可能性要小一些。

Skipping breakfast has long been espoused by celebrities as a diet trick. Joanna Lumley says cutting out breakfast has helped her stay slim in older age. Recently, Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey said he never eats breakfast, only dinner - and that he skips all food altogether on Saturdays - as part of a routine that he claims is meditative.

不吃早餐一直被一些名人奉为减肥妙招。乔安娜·林莉说，不吃早餐帮助她在年老时还能保持苗条。最近，推特首席执行官杰克·多西说他从不吃早餐，只吃晚餐，而且在周六禁食，这属于其例行冥想的一部分。

Many have suggested that Dorsey's diet could be classed as an eating disorder, rather than, as he puts it, 'biohacking'.

很多人认为，杰克·多西的饮食属于进食障碍，而不是他自己认为的“生物黑科技”。

The new study does not, by any means, provide a concrete verdict on breakfast.

然而这项新研究并未对于早餐的健康影响给出确切结论。

As Borja Ibáñez, MD, points out in an editorial, association is not necessarily causation.

正如医学博士博尔哈·伊巴涅斯在一篇文章中指出，有关联并不一定是必然的因果关系。

Those who didn't eat breakfast were more likely to smoke, scrimp on exercise, and drink alcohol.

不吃早餐的人吸烟、缺乏运动和饮酒的可能性也更高。

scrimp [skrɪmp]：vi.精打细算；吝啬

 

1. Adults need five hours or less of sleep
成年人只需要五个小时或更少的睡眠时间

Extensive evidence shows that consistently getting five hours of sleep or less greatly increases risk of adverse health consequence, like that of cardiovascular disease and early mortality. They say this myth poses the most serious risk to health from long-term sleep deficits.

大量证据表明，睡眠时间长期小于等于5小时会大大增加健康损伤的风险，比如心血管疾病和早死几率。他们还表示：由于这个流言会导致人们长期睡眠不足，因此所造成的健康风险最为严重。

adverse[ædˈvɚs]: adj. 不利的；相反的；敌对的

 

2. Drinking alcohol before bed will help you sleep
睡前喝酒会帮助你入睡

Many people think a drink before bed will help them have a good night's sleep. Robbins says, nope – it's a myth. A drink before bed may help someone fall asleep, but it dramatically affects quality of sleep. It pulls a sleeper out of REM and deeper sleep. You may still spend time sleeping, but you won’t be fully restored.

很多人认为睡前喝一杯可以帮助自己睡个好觉。但罗宾斯对此表示：这是谣言。睡前喝一杯或许可以帮助某些人入睡，但却会显著影响其睡眠质量。这会导致你无法进入快速眼动睡眠与深度睡眠。你可能确实花了时间睡觉，但你不会彻底恢复精神。

REM: （睡眠）快速眼部运动的; rapid eye movement的缩写

 

3. Watching television in bed helps you relax before sleep
在床上看电视可以帮助你在睡前放松

A lot of people fall asleep in front of a TV in the bedroom, but watching television is not an optimal way to relax. Nightly news and other programming can lead to stress when we're trying to power down and can lead to insomnia, says Robbins. These devices also emit bright blue light, which tells our brain to perk up, not sleep. Avoid blue light from TV and phones and instead do things that relax you.

很多人都会在卧室里看着电视睡着，但看电视并不是放松的最佳方式。罗宾斯表示，在我们打算休息时，夜间新闻及其他节目可能会让我们感到压力，并且会导致失眠。此外，这些设备也会发出明亮的蓝光，告诉我们的大脑应该振作起来，而不是开始睡觉。我们应该避免电视和手机所发出的蓝光，而去做其他令自己放松的事情。

insomnia[ɪn'sɑmnɪə]: n. 失眠症，失眠

 

4. It’s best to stay in bed and try to sleep
睡不着的时候也要躺在床上

Many people think that if they’re having trouble falling asleep, it’s best to stay in bed and try. Unfortunately, if we stay in bed and keep trying unsuccessfully, we eventually associate our bed with insomnia. It should take about 15 minutes to fall asleep. If you’re waiting longer than that, get out of bed and change the environment. Instead, get up, do something mindless, like folding socks, and keep the lights low. Only return to bed when you feel tired.

许多人认为，睡不着的时候最好留在床上继续尝试。不幸的是，如果我们待在床上继续尝试后，还是会睡不着，最终便会将自己的床与失眠联系起来。你应该在15分钟内入睡，如果你入睡的时间太长，那就下床并改变一下环境。你可以去做一些不需要动脑的事情，比如叠袜子，并保持灯光昏暗，感到疲倦时再回到床上睡觉。

 

5. Snoring is harmless
打鼾是无害的

Snoring can be harmless, but it can also be a sign of sleep apnea, a potentially serious sleep disorder. The researchers encourage patients not to ignore loud snoring. Instead, see a doctor to rule out sleep apnea since it may lead to heart stoppages or other illnesses.

打鼾可能是无害的，但也可能是睡眠呼吸暂停的征兆，这是一种潜在的严重睡眠障碍。研究人员鼓励患者不要忽视自己的响亮鼾声，而是应该去看医生，排除睡眠呼吸暂停的可能，因为该障碍可能导致心脏停搏或其他疾病。

apnea[æp'niə]: n. [医] 窒息，[临床] 呼吸暂停

 

6. Hitting the snooze button is better than getting up right away
赖一会儿床比立即起床要好

Most of us will be groggy from inertia when the alarm goes off, says Robbins, but forego the snooze button. Your body may go back to sleep, but it will be very light, low-quality sleep. Robbins suggests getting up and getting outside into the blue light of the day as quickly as possible.

罗宾斯表示，当闹钟响起时，我们大多数人都会因惰性而昏昏欲睡，但请不要按下贪睡按钮。我们的身体可能会重新入睡，但却睡得很轻，睡眠质量也很低。罗宾斯建议起床后尽快到室外接触自然光。

groggy['grɒgɪ]: adj. 酒醉的，无力的；东歪西倒的

inertia[ɪ'nɝʃə]: n. 惰性，迟钝；不活动

 

7. Your brain and body can learn to function just as well with less sleep
睡眠少的情况下，大脑和身体也会跟着调整，正常运转

The experts say that when sleep is decreased, self-reported levels of sleepiness increase for the first several days before starting to plateau; but reduced sleep leads to sustained drops in performance.

专家们表示，当人们的睡眠减少时，自我报告的嗜睡程度在开始前几天会有所增加，之后便会趋于平稳，但睡眠减少会导致身体机能持续下降。

The study notes, "Further, nightshift workers, who habitually sleep fewer hours than day workers, face higher morbidity due to breast cancer and all-cause mortality than day workers." So while people may be able to “adjust” to less sleep and/or "circadian misalignment," they do so at the risk of serious health consequences.

该研究指出：“夜班工人通常比白班工人的睡眠时间更少，他们的乳腺癌发病率和全因死亡率均高于白班工人”。因此，虽然人们能够“调整”自己以适应较少的睡眠时间和/或“昼夜节律失调”，但他们这样做可能会导致严重的健康后果。

plateau[plæ'to]: vi. 达到平衡；达到稳定时期

morbidity[mɔr'bɪdəti]: n. 发病率

 

8. Sleeping in on weekends is a bad idea
周末睡懒觉是不好的

For this one, the jury is out – the researchers admit that some myths still cause disagreement among sleep experts, and this is one of them. "Although sleeping in on weekends does disrupt the natural circadian rhythm, for people in certain professions, such as shift workers, it may be better for them to sleep in than to get fewer hours of sleep overall."

关于这一点尚无定论。研究人员承认，一些流言也会在睡眠专家之间引发分歧，这就是其中之一。“尽管在周末睡懒觉确实会扰乱自然的昼夜节律，但对于某些职业的人来说，例如轮班工作者，他们在周末睡懒觉可能会弥补一些整体睡眠时间” 。

sleep in: 睡过头；迟起床