爬虫--BeautifulSoup使用
解析库
解析器 | 使用方法 | 优势 | 劣势 |
---|---|---|---|
Python标准库 | BeautifulSoup(markup, "html.parser") | Python的内置标准库、执行速度适中 、文档容错能力强 | Python 2.7.3 or 3.2.2)前的版本中文容错能力差 |
lxml HTML 解析器 | BeautifulSoup(markup, "lxml") | 速度快、文档容错能力强 | 需要安装C语言库 |
lxml XML 解析器 | BeautifulSoup(markup, "xml") | 速度快、唯一支持XML的解析器 | 需要安装C语言库 |
html5lib | BeautifulSoup(markup, "html5lib") | 最好的容错性、以浏览器的方式解析文档、生成HTML5格式的文档 | 速度慢、不依赖外部扩展 |
基本使用
html = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> """ from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(soup.prettify()) print(soup.title.string) # 输出 <html> <head> <title> The Dormouse's story </title> </head> <body> <p class="title" name="dromouse"> <b> The Dormouse's story </b> </p> <p class="story"> Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"> <!-- Elsie --> </a> , <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2"> Lacie </a> and <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3"> Tillie </a> ; and they lived at the bottom of a well. </p> <p class="story"> ... </p> </body> </html> The Dormouse's story
标签选择器
选择元素
html = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> """ from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(soup.title) print(type(soup.title)) print(soup.head) print(soup.p) # 输出 <title>The Dormouse's story</title> <class 'bs4.element.Tag'> <head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
获取名称
html = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> """ from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(soup.title.name) # 输出 title
获取属性
html = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> """ from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(soup.p.attrs['name']) print(soup.p['name']) # 输出 dromouse dromouse
获取内容
html = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p clss="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> """ from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(soup.p.string) # 输出 The Dormouse's story
嵌套选择
html = """ <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head> <body> <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p> <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>; and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p> <p class="story">...</p> """ from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(soup.head.title.string) # 输出 The Dormouse's story
子节点和子孙节点
html = """ <html> <head> <title>The Dormouse's story</title> </head> <body> <p class="story"> Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"> <span>Elsie</span> </a> <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a> and they lived at the bottom of a well. </p> <p class="story">...</p> """ from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(soup.p.contents) # 输出 ['\n Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were\n ', <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"> <span>Elsie</span> </a>, '\n', <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>, ' \n and\n ', <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>, '\n and they lived at the bottom of a well.\n ']
html = """ <html> <head> <title>The Dormouse's story</title> </head> <body> <p class="story"> Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"> <span>Elsie</span> </a> <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a> and they lived at the bottom of a well. </p> <p class="story">...</p> """ from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(soup.p.children) for i, child in enumerate(soup.p.children): print(i, child) # 输出 <list_iterator object at 0x1064f7dd8> 0 Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were 1 <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"> <span>Elsie</span> </a> 2 3 <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a> 4 and 5 <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a> 6 and they lived at the bottom of a well.
html = """ <html> <head> <title>The Dormouse's story</title> </head> <body> <p class="story"> Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"> <span>Elsie</span> </a> <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a> and they lived at the bottom of a well. </p> <p class="story">...</p> """ from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(soup.p.descendants) for i, child in enumerate(soup.p.descendants): print(i, child) # 输出 <generator object descendants at 0x10650e678> 0 Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were 1 <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"> <span>Elsie</span> </a> 2 3 <span>Elsie</span> 4 Elsie 5 6 7 <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a> 8 Lacie 9 and 10 <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a> 11 Tillie 12 and they lived at the bottom of a well.
父节点和祖先节点
html = """ <html> <head> <title>The Dormouse's story</title> </head> <body> <p class="story"> Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"> <span>Elsie</span> </a> <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a> and they lived at the bottom of a well. </p> <p class="story">...</p> """ from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(soup.a.parent) # 输出 <p class="story"> Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"> <span>Elsie</span> </a> <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a> and they lived at the bottom of a well. </p>
html = """ <html> <head> <title>The Dormouse's story</title> </head> <body> <p class="story"> Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"> <span>Elsie</span> </a> <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a> and they lived at the bottom of a well. </p> <p class="story">...</p> """ from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(list(enumerate(soup.a.parents))) # 输出 [(0, <p class="story"> Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"> <span>Elsie</span> </a> <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a> and they lived at the bottom of a well. </p>), (1, <body> <p class="story"> Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"> <span>Elsie</span> </a> <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a> and they lived at the bottom of a well. </p> <p class="story">...</p> </body>), (2, <html> <head> <title>The Dormouse's story</title> </head> <body> <p class="story"> Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"> <span>Elsie</span> </a> <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a> and they lived at the bottom of a well. </p> <p class="story">...</p> </body></html>), (3, <html> <head> <title>The Dormouse's story</title> </head> <body> <p class="story"> Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"> <span>Elsie</span> </a> <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a> and they lived at the bottom of a well. </p> <p class="story">...</p> </body></html>)]
兄弟节点
html = """ <html> <head> <title>The Dormouse's story</title> </head> <body> <p class="story"> Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"> <span>Elsie</span> </a> <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a> and they lived at the bottom of a well. </p> <p class="story">...</p> """ from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(list(enumerate(soup.a.next_siblings))) print(list(enumerate(soup.a.previous_siblings))) # 输出 [(0, '\n'), (1, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>), (2, ' \n and\n '), (3, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>), (4, '\n and they lived at the bottom of a well.\n ')] [(0, '\n Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were\n ')]
标准选择器
find_all( name , attrs , recursive , text , **kwargs )
可根据标签名、属性、内容查找文档
name
html=''' <div class="panel"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h4>Hello</h4> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <ul class="list" id="list-1"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> <li class="element">Jay</li> </ul> <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> </ul> </div> </div> ''' from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(soup.find_all('ul')) print(type(soup.find_all('ul')[0])) # 输出 [<ul class="list" id="list-1"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> <li class="element">Jay</li> </ul>, <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> </ul>] <class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
html=''' <div class="panel"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h4>Hello</h4> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <ul class="list" id="list-1"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> <li class="element">Jay</li> </ul> <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> </ul> </div> </div> ''' from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') for ul in soup.find_all('ul'): print(ul.find_all('li')) # 输出 [<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>, <li class="element">Jay</li>] [<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>]
attrs
html=''' <div class="panel"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h4>Hello</h4> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <ul class="list" id="list-1" name="elements"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> <li class="element">Jay</li> </ul> <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> </ul> </div> </div> ''' from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(soup.find_all(attrs={'id': 'list-1'})) print(soup.find_all(attrs={'name': 'elements'})) # 输出 [<ul class="list" id="list-1" name="elements"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> <li class="element">Jay</li> </ul>] [<ul class="list" id="list-1" name="elements"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> <li class="element">Jay</li> </ul>]
html=''' <div class="panel"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h4>Hello</h4> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <ul class="list" id="list-1"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> <li class="element">Jay</li> </ul> <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> </ul> </div> </div> ''' from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(soup.find_all(id='list-1')) print(soup.find_all(class_='element')) # 输出 [<ul class="list" id="list-1"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> <li class="element">Jay</li> </ul>] [<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>, <li class="element">Jay</li>, <li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>]
text
html=''' <div class="panel"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h4>Hello</h4> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <ul class="list" id="list-1"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> <li class="element">Jay</li> </ul> <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> </ul> </div> </div> ''' from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(soup.find_all(text='Foo')) # 输出 ['Foo', 'Foo']
find( name , attrs , recursive , text , **kwargs )
find返回单个元素,find_all返回所有元素
html=''' <div class="panel"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h4>Hello</h4> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <ul class="list" id="list-1"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> <li class="element">Jay</li> </ul> <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> </ul> </div> </div> ''' from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(soup.find('ul')) print(type(soup.find('ul'))) print(soup.find('page')) # 输出 <ul class="list" id="list-1"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> <li class="element">Jay</li> </ul> <class 'bs4.element.Tag'> None
find_parents() find_parent()
find_parents()返回所有祖先节点,find_parent()返回直接父节点。
find_next_siblings() find_next_sibling()
find_next_siblings()返回后面所有兄弟节点,find_next_sibling()返回后面第一个兄弟节点。
find_previous_siblings() find_previous_sibling()
find_previous_siblings()返回前面所有兄弟节点,find_previous_sibling()返回前面第一个兄弟节点。
find_all_next() find_next()
find_all_next()返回节点后所有符合条件的节点, find_next()返回第一个符合条件的节点
find_all_previous() 和 find_previous()
find_all_previous()返回节点后所有符合条件的节点, find_previous()返回第一个符合条件的节点
CSS选择器
通过select()直接传入CSS选择器即可完成选择:
. 代表类名 # 代表id 啥也不写是 标签名
html=''' <div class="panel"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h4>Hello</h4> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <ul class="list" id="list-1"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> <li class="element">Jay</li> </ul> <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> </ul> </div> </div> ''' from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') print(soup.select('.panel .panel-heading')) print(soup.select('ul li')) print(soup.select('#list-2 .element')) print(type(soup.select('ul')[0])) # 输出 [<div class="panel-heading"> <h4>Hello</h4> </div>] [<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>, <li class="element">Jay</li>, <li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>] [<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>] <class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
html=''' <div class="panel"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h4>Hello</h4> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <ul class="list" id="list-1"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> <li class="element">Jay</li> </ul> <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> </ul> </div> </div> ''' from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') for ul in soup.select('ul'): print(ul.select('li')) # 输出 [<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>, <li class="element">Jay</li>] [<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>]
获取属性
html=''' <div class="panel"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h4>Hello</h4> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <ul class="list" id="list-1"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> <li class="element">Jay</li> </ul> <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> </ul> </div> </div> ''' from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') for ul in soup.select('ul'): print(ul['id']) print(ul.attrs['id']) # 输出 list-1 list-1 list-2 list-2
获取内容
html=''' <div class="panel"> <div class="panel-heading"> <h4>Hello</h4> </div> <div class="panel-body"> <ul class="list" id="list-1"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> <li class="element">Jay</li> </ul> <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2"> <li class="element">Foo</li> <li class="element">Bar</li> </ul> </div> </div> ''' from bs4 import BeautifulSoup soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml') for li in soup.select('li'): print(li.get_text()) # 输出 Foo Bar Jay Foo Bar
总结
- 推荐使用lxml解析库,必要时使用html.parser
- 标签选择筛选功能弱但是速度快
- 建议使用find()、find_all() 查询匹配单个结果或者多个结果
- 如果对CSS选择器熟悉建议使用select()
- 记住常用的获取属性和文本值的方法