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【统计学】第二章

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什么是二手资料?使用二手资料需要注意些什么?

数据的间接来源,即数据是由别人通过调查或实验的方式搜集的,使用者只是找到它们并加以利用。
资料是谁搜集的?这主要是考察数据搜集者的实力和社会信誉度。
为什么目的而搜集?为了某个集团的利益而搜集的数据是值得怀疑的。
数据怎样搜集?搜集数据可以有很多种方法,不同方法所采集的数据,其解释力和说服力都是不同的。
什么时候搜集的?过时的数据,其说服力自然受到质疑。
使用二手数据,要注意数据的定义、含义、计算口径和计算方法,避免错用、误用、滥用。在引用二手数据时,应注明数据的来源,以尊重他人的劳动成果

比较概率抽样和非概率抽样的特点。举例说明什么情况下适合采用概率抽样,什么情况下适合采用非概率抽样。

概率抽样也称为随机抽样,是指遵循随机原则进行的抽样,总体中每个单位都有一定的机会被选入样本。如果调查的目的在于研究对象总体的数量特征,得到总体参数的置信区间,就应当使用概率抽样的方法。适用于统计性较强的样本中。
非概率抽样是相对于概率抽样而言,指抽取样本时不是依据随机原则,而是根据研究目的对数据的要求,采用某种方式从总体中抽出部分单位对其实施调查。操作简便、时效快、成本低,而且对于抽样中的统计学专业技术要求不是很高。非概率抽样适合探索性的研究,调查的结果用于发现问题,为更深入的数量分析做好准备。非概率抽样也适合市场调查中的概念测试,如产品包装测试、广告测试等。

调查中搜集数据的方法主要有自填式、面访式、电话式。除此之外,还有哪些搜集数据的方法?

观察式,即调查人员通过直接观测的方法获取信息,如利用安置在超市中的录像设备观察顾客挑选商品时的表情;在十字路口通过计数的方法估算车流量。

自填式、面访式、电话式调查各有什么利弊?

项目自填式面访式电话式
调查时间 中等
调查费用
问卷难度 要求容易 可以复杂 要求容易
有形辅助物的使用 中等利用 充分利用 无法利用
调查过程控制 简单 复杂 容易
调查员作用的发挥 无法发挥 充分发挥 一般发挥
回答率 最低 较高 一般

请举出(或设计)几个实验数据的例子

实验数据指在实验中控制实验对象而搜集到的变量的数据。例如,对在一起饲养的一群牲畜,分别喂给不同的饲料,以检验不同饲料对牲畜的增重的影响。实验是检验变量因果间关系的一种方法。在实验中,研究人员要控制某一情形的所有相关方面,操纵少数感兴趣的变量,然后观察实验结果。

你认为应当如何控制调查中的回答误差?

1.使被调查者对于调查问题的理解统一,减少理解误差
2.尽量缩短调查所涉及的时间间隔,减少记忆误差。如果调查数据与周期有关,就设置调查期。
3.减少回答中的有意识误差,调查人员要做好被调查者的思想工作,遵守职业道德,为被调查者保密,尽量避免敏感问题。

怎样减少无回答?请通过一个例子说明你所考虑的减少无回答的具体措施。

无回答误差是指被调查者拒绝接受调查,调查人员得到的是一份空白的答卷。
1.如果无回答是随机的,可以通过增大样本量的方式解决。
2.预防,在调查前最好各方面的准备工作,尽量把无回答降到最低程度。
3.当无回答出现后,分析无回答产生的原因,采取一些补救措施。

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posted on 2019-02-21 09:42  pandaboy1123  阅读(3071)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报

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