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【转】promise的实现

原文：https://blog.csdn.net/sinat_17775997/article/details/70170939

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本文缘起前段时间一朋友换工作时，笔试题中要求手写一个Promise。在工作中虽已大量使用Promise，其原理却没有深入探究过，换做自己，当场也很难手写一个完善的Promise实现。近期补了一些课，以本文来彻底的理解Promise实现原理。

http://www.jianshu.com/p/f8b052c71550

1.Promise是什么

Promise是抽象异步处理对象以及对其进行各种操作的组件，可以将复杂的异步处理轻松的进行模式化。
使用Promise进行异步处理的一个例子

functiongetUserId() {
return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
// 异步请求
Y.io('/userid/1', {
on: {
success: function (id, res) {
var o = JSON.parse(res);
if (o.status === 1) {
resolve(o.id);
} else {
// 请求失败，返回错误信息
reject(o.errorMsg);
}
}
}
});
});
}
getUserId().then(function (id) {
// do sth with id
}, function (error) {
console.log(error);
});

如对Promise的使用尚不了解，推荐阅读JavaScript Promise Cookbook中文版

---------------------

https://github.com/bruce-xu/Promise/blob/master/Promise.js

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/**
 * @file JS Promise实现
 * @author bruxexyj@gmail.com
 */
(function (factory, global) {
    if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
        define(factory);
    }
    else if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
        module.exports = exports = factory();
    }
    else {
        global.Promise = factory();
    }
}(function () {
 
    /**
     * Promise对象的内部状态
     *
     * @type {Object}
     */
    var Status = {
        PENDING: 'pending',
        FULLFILLED: 'resolved',
        REJECTED: 'rejected'
    };
 
    function empty() {}
 
    /**
     * Promise构造函数
     *
     * @constructor
     * @param {Function} resolver 此Promise对象管理的任务
     */
    function Promise(resolver) {
        // ES6原生的Promise构造函数中，若不通过`new`调用Promise的构造函数，会抛出TypeError异常。此处与其一致
        if (!(this instanceof Promise)) {
            throw new TypeError('TypeError: undefined is not a promise');
        }
 
        // ES6原生的Promise构造函数中，若无作为函数的resolver参数，会抛出TypeError异常。此处与其一致
        if (typeof resolver !== 'function') {
            throw new TypeError('TypeError: Promise resolver undefined is not a function');
        }
 
        /**
         * Promise对象内部的状态，初始为`pending`。状态只能由`pending`到`fullfilled`或`rejected`
         *
         * @type {string}
         */
        this._status = Status.PENDING;
 
        /**
         * Promise对象resolved/rejected后拥有的data/reason
         *
         *  - 此处保存此值是为了当一个Promise对象被resolved或rejected后，继续对其调用`then`添加任务，后续处理仍能获得当前Promise的值
         *
         * @type {Mixed}
         */
        this._value;
 
        /**
         * 当前Promise被resolved/rejected后，需处理的任务
         *
         *  - 由于同一个Promise对象可以调用多次`then`方法，以添加多个并行任务，所以此处是一个数组
         *
         * @type {Array.<Function>}
         */
        this._doneCallbacks = [];
        this._failCallbacks = [];
 
        var promise = this;
        resolver(
            function (data) {
                resolve(promise, data);
            },
            function (reason) {
                reject(promise, reason);
            }
        );
    }
 
    Promise.prototype = {
 
        constructor: Promise,
 
        /**
         * Promise的`then`方法
         *
         * @param {Function|Mixed} onResolve 当前Promise对象被resolved后，需处理的任务
         * @param {Function|Mixed} onReject 当前Promise对象被rejected后，需处理的任务
         * @return {Promise} 返回一个新的Promise对象，用于链式操作
         */
        then: function (onResolve, onReject) {
            var promise = new Promise(empty);
 
            this._doneCallbacks.push(makeCallback(promise, onResolve, 'resolve'));
            this._failCallbacks.push(makeCallback(promise, onReject, 'reject'));
 
            // 如果在一个已经被fullfilled或rejected的promise上调用then，则需要直接执行通过then注册的回调函数
            run(this);
 
            return promise;
        },
 
        /**
         * Promise的`done`方法
         *
         * @param {Function|Mixed} onResolve 当前Promise对象被resolved后，需处理的任务
         * @return {Promise} 返回一个新的Promise对象，用于链式操作
         */
        done: function (onResolve) {
            return this.then(onResolve, null);
        },
 
        /**
         * Promise的`fail`方法
         *
         * @param {Function|Mixed} onReject 当前Promise对象被rejected后，需处理的任务
         * @return {Promise} 返回一个新的Promise对象，用于链式操作
         */
        fail: function (onReject) {
            return this.then(null, onReject);
        },
 
        /**
         * Promise的`catch`方法
         *
         * @param {Function|Mixed} onFail 当前Promise对象被rejected后，需处理的任务
         * @return {Promise} 返回一个新的Promise对象，用于链式操作
         */
        catch: function (onFail) {
            return this.then(null, onFail);
        }
    };
 
    /**
     * 创建一个Promise对象，并用给定值resolve它
     *
     * @param {Mixed} value 用于resolve新创建的Promise对象的值
     * @return {Promise} 返回一个新的Promise对象，用于链式操作
     */
    Promise.resolve = function (value) {
        var promise = new Promise(empty);
        resolve(promise, value);
        return promise;
    };
 
    /**
     * 创建一个Promise对象，并用给定值reject它
     *
     * @param {Mixed} reason 用于reject新创建的Promise对象的值
     * @return {Promise} 返回一个新的Promise对象，用于链式操作
     */
    Promise.reject = function (reason) {
        var promise = new Promise(empty);
        reject(promise, reason);
        return promise;
    };
 
    /**
     * 返回一个promise，这个promise在iterable中的任意一个promise被解决或拒绝后，
     * 立刻以相同的解决值被解决或以相同的拒绝原因被拒绝
     *
     * @param {Iterable.<Promise|Mixed>} iterable 一组Promise对象或其它值
     * @return {Promise} 返回一个新的Promise对象，用于链式操作
     */
    Promise.race = function (iterable) {
        if (!iterable || !iterable.hasOwnProperty('length')) {
            throw new TypeError('TypeError: Parameter `iterable` must be a iterable object');
        }
 
        var promise = new Promise(empty);
        for (var i = 0, len = iterable.length; i < len; i++) {
            var iterate = iterable[i];
            if (!(iterate instanceof Promise)) {
                iterate = Promise.resolve(iterate);
            }
 
            iterate.then(resolveRaceCallback, rejectRaceCallback);
        }
 
        var settled = false;
 
        function resolveRaceCallback(data) {
            if (settled) {
                return;
            }
 
            settled = true;
            resolve(promise, data);
        }
 
        function rejectRaceCallback(reason) {
            if (settled) {
                return;
            }
 
            settled = true;
            reject(promise, reason);
        }
    };
 
    /**
     * 返回一个promise，该promise会在iterable参数内的所有promise都被解决后被解决
     *
     * @param {Iterable.<Promise|Mixed>} iterable 一组Promise对象或其它值
     * @return {Promise} 返回一个新的Promise对象，用于链式操作
     */
    Promise.all = function (iterable) {
        if (!iterable || !iterable.hasOwnProperty('length')) {
            throw new TypeError('TypeError: Parameter `iterable` must be a iterable object');
        }
 
        var promise = new Promise(empty);
        var length = iterable.length;
        for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            var iterate = iterable[i];
            if (!(iterate instanceof Promise)) {
                iterate = Promise.resolve(iterate);
            }
 
            iterate.then(makeAllCallback(iterate, i, 'resolve'), makeAllCallback(iterate, i, 'reject'));
        }
 
        var result = [];
        var count = 0;
 
        function makeAllCallback(iterate, index, action) {
            return function (value) {
                if (action === 'reject') {
                    reject(promise, value);
                    return;
                }
 
                result[index] = value;
 
                if (++count === length) {
                    resolve(promise, result);
                }
            }
        }
    };
 
    /**
     * 返回一个Deferred对象，包含一个新创建的Promise对象，以及`resolve`和`reject`方法
     *
     * @return {Deferred}
     */
    Promise.defer = function () {
        var promise = new Promise(empty);
 
        return {
            promise: promise,
            resolve: function (data) {
                resolve(promise, data);
            },
            reject: function (reason) {
                reject(promise, reason);
            }
        };
    };
 
    function run(promise) {
        // `then`方法中也会调用，所以此处仍需做一次判断
        if (promise._status === Status.PENDING) {
            return;
        }
 
        var value = promise._value;
        var callbacks = promise._status === Status.FULLFILLED
            ? promise._doneCallbacks
            : promise._failCallbacks;
 
        // Promise需要异步操作
        setTimeout(function () {
            for (var i = 0, len = callbacks.length; i < len; i++) {
                callbacks[i](value);
            }
        });
 
        // 每个promise只能被执行一次。虽然`_doneCallbacks`和`_failCallbacks`用户不应该直接访问，
        // 但还是可以访问到，保险起见，做清空处理。
        promise._doneCallbacks = [];
        promise._failCallbacks = [];
    }
 
    function resolve(promise, data) {
        if (promise._status !== Status.PENDING) {
            return;
        }
 
        promise._status = Status.FULLFILLED;
        promise._value = data;
 
        run(promise);
    }
 
    function reject(promise, reason) {
        if (promise._status !== Status.PENDING) {
            return;
        }
 
        promise._status = Status.REJECTED;
        promise._value = reason;
 
        run(promise);
    }
 
    function makeCallback(promise, callback, action) {
        return function promiseCallback(value) {
            // 如果传递了callback，则使用前一个promise传递过来的值作为参数调用callback，
            // 并根据callback的调用结果来处理当前promise
            if (typeof callback === 'function') {
                var x;
                try {
                    x = callback(value);
                }
                catch (e) {
                    // 如果调用callback时抛出异常，则直接用此异常对象reject当前promise
                    reject(promise, e);
                }
 
                // 如果callback的返回值是当前promise，为避免造成死循环，需要抛出异常
                // 根据Promise+规范，此处应抛出TypeError异常
                if (x === promise) {
                    var reason = new TypeError('TypeError: The return value could not be same with the promise');
                    reject(promise, reason);
                }
                // 如果返回值是一个Promise对象，则当返回的Promise对象被resolve/reject后，再resolve/reject当前Promise
                else if (x instanceof Promise) {
                    x.then(
                        function (data) {
                            resolve(promise, data);
                        },
                        function (reason) {
                            reject(promise, reason);
                        }
                    );
                }
                else {
                    var then;
                    (function resolveThenable(x) {
                        // 如果返回的是一个Thenable对象（此处逻辑有点坑，参照Promise+的规范实现）
                        if (x && (typeof x === 'object'|| typeof x === 'function')) {
                            try {
                                then = x.then;
                            }
                            catch (e) {
                                reject(promise, e);
                                return;
                            }
 
                            if (typeof then === 'function') {
                                // 调用Thenable对象的`then`方法时，传递进去的`resolvePromise`和`rejectPromise`方法（及下面的两个匿名方法）
                                // 可能会被重复调用。但Promise+规范规定这两个方法有且只能有其中的一个被调用一次，多次调用将被忽略。
                                // 此处通过`invoked`来处理重复调用
                                var invoked = false;
                                try {
                                    then.call(
                                        x,
                                        function (y) {
                                            if (invoked) {
                                                return;
                                            }
                                            invoked = true;
 
                                            // 避免死循环
                                            if (y === x) {
                                                throw new TypeError('TypeError: The return value could not be same with the previous thenable object');
                                            }
 
                                            // y仍有可能是thenable对象，递归调用
                                            resolveThenable(y);
                                        },
                                        function (e) {
                                            if (invoked) {
                                                return;
                                            }
                                            invoked = true;
 
                                            reject(promise, e);
                                        }
                                    );
                                }
                                catch (e) {
                                    // 如果`resolvePromise`和`rejectPromise`方法被调用后，再抛出异常，则忽略异常
                                    // 否则用异常对象reject此Promise对象
                                    if (!invoked) {
                                        reject(promise, e);
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                            else {
                                resolve(promise, x);
                            }
                        }
                        else {
                            resolve(promise, x);
                        }
                    }(x));
                }
            }
            // 如果未传递callback，直接用前一个promise传递过来的值resolve/reject当前Promise对象
            else {
                action === 'resolve'
                    ? resolve(promise, value)
                    : reject(promise, value);
            }
        };
    }
 
    return Promise;
}, this));

/**
	* @file JS Promise实现
	* @author bruxexyj@gmail.com
	*/
	(function (factory, global) {
	if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
	define(factory);
	}
	else if (typeof module === 'object' && module.exports) {
	module.exports = exports = factory();
	}
	else {
	global.Promise = factory();
	}
	}(function () {

	/**
	* Promise对象的内部状态
	*
	* @type {Object}
	*/
	var Status = {
	PENDING: 'pending',
	FULLFILLED: 'resolved',
	REJECTED: 'rejected'
	};

	function empty() {}

	/**
	* Promise构造函数
	*
	* @constructor
	* @param {Function} resolver 此Promise对象管理的任务
	*/
	function Promise(resolver) {
	// ES6原生的Promise构造函数中，若不通过`new`调用Promise的构造函数，会抛出TypeError异常。此处与其一致
	if (!(this instanceof Promise)) {
	throw new TypeError('TypeError: undefined is not a promise');
	}

	// ES6原生的Promise构造函数中，若无作为函数的resolver参数，会抛出TypeError异常。此处与其一致
	if (typeof resolver !== 'function') {
	throw new TypeError('TypeError: Promise resolver undefined is not a function');
	}

	/**
	* Promise对象内部的状态，初始为`pending`。状态只能由`pending`到`fullfilled`或`rejected`
	*
	* @type {string}
	*/
	this._status = Status.PENDING;

	/**
	* Promise对象resolved/rejected后拥有的data/reason
	*
	* - 此处保存此值是为了当一个Promise对象被resolved或rejected后，继续对其调用`then`添加任务，后续处理仍能获得当前Promise的值
	*
	* @type {Mixed}
	*/
	this._value;

	/**
	* 当前Promise被resolved/rejected后，需处理的任务
	*
	* - 由于同一个Promise对象可以调用多次`then`方法，以添加多个并行任务，所以此处是一个数组
	*
	* @type {Array.<Function>}
	*/
	this._doneCallbacks = [];
	this._failCallbacks = [];

	var promise = this;
	resolver(
	function (data) {
	resolve(promise, data);
	},
	function (reason) {
	reject(promise, reason);
	}
	);
	}

	Promise.prototype = {

	constructor: Promise,

	/**
	* Promise的`then`方法
	*
	* @param {Function\|Mixed} onResolve 当前Promise对象被resolved后，需处理的任务
	* @param {Function\|Mixed} onReject 当前Promise对象被rejected后，需处理的任务
	* @return {Promise} 返回一个新的Promise对象，用于链式操作
	*/
	then: function (onResolve, onReject) {
	var promise = new Promise(empty);

	this._doneCallbacks.push(makeCallback(promise, onResolve, 'resolve'));
	this._failCallbacks.push(makeCallback(promise, onReject, 'reject'));

	// 如果在一个已经被fullfilled或rejected的promise上调用then，则需要直接执行通过then注册的回调函数
	run(this);

	return promise;
	},

	/**
	* Promise的`done`方法
	*
	* @param {Function\|Mixed} onResolve 当前Promise对象被resolved后，需处理的任务
	* @return {Promise} 返回一个新的Promise对象，用于链式操作
	*/
	done: function (onResolve) {
	return this.then(onResolve, null);
	},

	/**
	* Promise的`fail`方法
	*
	* @param {Function\|Mixed} onReject 当前Promise对象被rejected后，需处理的任务
	* @return {Promise} 返回一个新的Promise对象，用于链式操作
	*/
	fail: function (onReject) {
	return this.then(null, onReject);
	},

	/**
	* Promise的`catch`方法
	*
	* @param {Function\|Mixed} onFail 当前Promise对象被rejected后，需处理的任务
	* @return {Promise} 返回一个新的Promise对象，用于链式操作
	*/
	catch: function (onFail) {
	return this.then(null, onFail);
	}
	};

	/**
	* 创建一个Promise对象，并用给定值resolve它
	*
	* @param {Mixed} value 用于resolve新创建的Promise对象的值
	* @return {Promise} 返回一个新的Promise对象，用于链式操作
	*/
	Promise.resolve = function (value) {
	var promise = new Promise(empty);
	resolve(promise, value);
	return promise;
	};

	/**
	* 创建一个Promise对象，并用给定值reject它
	*
	* @param {Mixed} reason 用于reject新创建的Promise对象的值
	* @return {Promise} 返回一个新的Promise对象，用于链式操作
	*/
	Promise.reject = function (reason) {
	var promise = new Promise(empty);
	reject(promise, reason);
	return promise;
	};

	/**
	* 返回一个promise，这个promise在iterable中的任意一个promise被解决或拒绝后，
	* 立刻以相同的解决值被解决或以相同的拒绝原因被拒绝
	*
	* @param {Iterable.<Promise\|Mixed>} iterable 一组Promise对象或其它值
	* @return {Promise} 返回一个新的Promise对象，用于链式操作
	*/
	Promise.race = function (iterable) {
	if (!iterable \|\| !iterable.hasOwnProperty('length')) {
	throw new TypeError('TypeError: Parameter `iterable` must be a iterable object');
	}

	var promise = new Promise(empty);
	for (var i = 0, len = iterable.length; i < len; i++) {
	var iterate = iterable[i];
	if (!(iterate instanceof Promise)) {
	iterate = Promise.resolve(iterate);
	}

	iterate.then(resolveRaceCallback, rejectRaceCallback);
	}

	var settled = false;

	function resolveRaceCallback(data) {
	if (settled) {
	return;
	}

	settled = true;
	resolve(promise, data);
	}

	function rejectRaceCallback(reason) {
	if (settled) {
	return;
	}

	settled = true;
	reject(promise, reason);
	}
	};

	/**
	* 返回一个promise，该promise会在iterable参数内的所有promise都被解决后被解决
	*
	* @param {Iterable.<Promise\|Mixed>} iterable 一组Promise对象或其它值
	* @return {Promise} 返回一个新的Promise对象，用于链式操作
	*/
	Promise.all = function (iterable) {
	if (!iterable \|\| !iterable.hasOwnProperty('length')) {
	throw new TypeError('TypeError: Parameter `iterable` must be a iterable object');
	}

	var promise = new Promise(empty);
	var length = iterable.length;
	for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
	var iterate = iterable[i];
	if (!(iterate instanceof Promise)) {
	iterate = Promise.resolve(iterate);
	}

	iterate.then(makeAllCallback(iterate, i, 'resolve'), makeAllCallback(iterate, i, 'reject'));
	}

	var result = [];
	var count = 0;

	function makeAllCallback(iterate, index, action) {
	return function (value) {
	if (action === 'reject') {
	reject(promise, value);
	return;
	}

	result[index] = value;

	if (++count === length) {
	resolve(promise, result);
	}
	}
	}
	};

	/**
	* 返回一个Deferred对象，包含一个新创建的Promise对象，以及`resolve`和`reject`方法
	*
	* @return {Deferred}
	*/
	Promise.defer = function () {
	var promise = new Promise(empty);

	return {
	promise: promise,
	resolve: function (data) {
	resolve(promise, data);
	},
	reject: function (reason) {
	reject(promise, reason);
	}
	};
	};

	function run(promise) {
	// `then`方法中也会调用，所以此处仍需做一次判断
	if (promise._status === Status.PENDING) {
	return;
	}

	var value = promise._value;
	var callbacks = promise._status === Status.FULLFILLED
	? promise._doneCallbacks
	: promise._failCallbacks;

	// Promise需要异步操作
	setTimeout(function () {
	for (var i = 0, len = callbacks.length; i < len; i++) {
	callbacks[i](value);
	}
	});

	// 每个promise只能被执行一次。虽然`_doneCallbacks`和`_failCallbacks`用户不应该直接访问，
	// 但还是可以访问到，保险起见，做清空处理。
	promise._doneCallbacks = [];
	promise._failCallbacks = [];
	}

	function resolve(promise, data) {
	if (promise._status !== Status.PENDING) {
	return;
	}

	promise._status = Status.FULLFILLED;
	promise._value = data;

	run(promise);
	}

	function reject(promise, reason) {
	if (promise._status !== Status.PENDING) {
	return;
	}

	promise._status = Status.REJECTED;
	promise._value = reason;

	run(promise);
	}

	function makeCallback(promise, callback, action) {
	return function promiseCallback(value) {
	// 如果传递了callback，则使用前一个promise传递过来的值作为参数调用callback，
	// 并根据callback的调用结果来处理当前promise
	if (typeof callback === 'function') {
	var x;
	try {
	x = callback(value);
	}
	catch (e) {
	// 如果调用callback时抛出异常，则直接用此异常对象reject当前promise
	reject(promise, e);
	}

	// 如果callback的返回值是当前promise，为避免造成死循环，需要抛出异常
	// 根据Promise+规范，此处应抛出TypeError异常
	if (x === promise) {
	var reason = new TypeError('TypeError: The return value could not be same with the promise');
	reject(promise, reason);
	}
	// 如果返回值是一个Promise对象，则当返回的Promise对象被resolve/reject后，再resolve/reject当前Promise
	else if (x instanceof Promise) {
	x.then(
	function (data) {
	resolve(promise, data);
	},
	function (reason) {
	reject(promise, reason);
	}
	);
	}
	else {
	var then;
	(function resolveThenable(x) {
	// 如果返回的是一个Thenable对象（此处逻辑有点坑，参照Promise+的规范实现）
	if (x && (typeof x === 'object'\|\| typeof x === 'function')) {
	try {
	then = x.then;
	}
	catch (e) {
	reject(promise, e);
	return;
	}

	if (typeof then === 'function') {
	// 调用Thenable对象的`then`方法时，传递进去的`resolvePromise`和`rejectPromise`方法（及下面的两个匿名方法）
	// 可能会被重复调用。但Promise+规范规定这两个方法有且只能有其中的一个被调用一次，多次调用将被忽略。
	// 此处通过`invoked`来处理重复调用
	var invoked = false;
	try {
	then.call(
	x,
	function (y) {
	if (invoked) {
	return;
	}
	invoked = true;

	// 避免死循环
	if (y === x) {
	throw new TypeError('TypeError: The return value could not be same with the previous thenable object');
	}

	// y仍有可能是thenable对象，递归调用
	resolveThenable(y);
	},
	function (e) {
	if (invoked) {
	return;
	}
	invoked = true;

	reject(promise, e);
	}
	);
	}
	catch (e) {
	// 如果`resolvePromise`和`rejectPromise`方法被调用后，再抛出异常，则忽略异常
	// 否则用异常对象reject此Promise对象
	if (!invoked) {
	reject(promise, e);
	}
	}
	}
	else {
	resolve(promise, x);
	}
	}
	else {
	resolve(promise, x);
	}
	}(x));
	}
	}
	// 如果未传递callback，直接用前一个promise传递过来的值resolve/reject当前Promise对象
	else {
	action === 'resolve'
	? resolve(promise, value)
	: reject(promise, value);
	}
	};
	}

	return Promise;
	}, this));