循序渐进学.Net Core Web Api开发系列【13】:中间件(Middleware)【有源码】

原文:循序渐进学.Net Core Web Api开发系列【13】:中间件(Middleware)

系列目录

循序渐进学.Net Core Web Api开发系列目录

 本系列涉及到的源码下载地址:https://github.com/seabluescn/Blog_WebApi

 

一、概述

本篇介绍如何使用中间件(Middleware)。

 

二、初步演练

先写几个中间件

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public class DemoAMiddleware
    {
        private readonly RequestDelegate _next;
        private readonly ILogger _logger;
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> DemoAMiddleware(RequestDelegate next, ILogger&lt;DemoAMiddleware&gt;<span style="color: #000000;"> logger)
    {
        _next </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> next;
        _logger </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> logger;
    }

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">async</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Task Invoke(HttpContext context)
    {
        _logger.LogInformation(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">(1) DemoAMiddleware.Invoke front</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">);  
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">await</span><span style="color: #000000;"> _next(context);
        _logger.LogInformation(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">[1] DemoAMiddleware:Invoke back</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">);
    }       </span><span style="color: #000000;">
}

public class DemoBMiddleware
{
private readonly RequestDelegate _next;
private readonly ILogger _logger;

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> DemoBMiddleware(RequestDelegate next, ILogger&lt;DemoBMiddleware&gt;<span style="color: #000000;"> logger)
    {
        _next </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> next;
        _logger </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> logger;
    }

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">async</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Task Invoke(HttpContext context)
    {

        _logger.LogInformation(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">(2) DemoBMiddleware.Invoke part1</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">);  
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">await</span><span style="color: #000000;"> _next(context);
        _logger.LogInformation(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">[2] DemoBMiddleware:Invoke part2</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">);
    }      </span><span style="color: #000000;">
}

</span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">class</span><span style="color: #000000;"> RequestRecordMiddleware
{
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">readonly</span><span style="color: #000000;"> RequestDelegate _next;
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">private</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">readonly</span><span style="color: #000000;"> ILogger _logger;

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> RequestRecordMiddleware(RequestDelegate next, ILogger&lt;RequestRecordMiddleware&gt;<span style="color: #000000;"> logger)
    {
        _next </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> next;
        _logger </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> logger;
    }

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">async</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Task Invoke(HttpContext context)
    {
        _logger.LogInformation(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">(3) RequestRecordMiddleware.Invoke</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">);

        String URL </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> context.Request.Path.ToString();
        _logger.LogInformation($</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">URL : {URL}</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">);            

        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">await</span><span style="color: #000000;"> _next(context);

        _logger.LogInformation(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">[3] RequestRecordMiddleware:Invoke next</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">);
        _logger.LogInformation($</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">StatusCode : {context.Response.StatusCode}</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">);
    }       </span><span style="color: #000000;">
}</span></pre>
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以上中间件前两个没有做什么正经工作,就打印一些日志信息,第三个干了一点工作,它打印了用户输入的url,同时打印了返回给客户端的状态码。

要使中间件工作,需要启用中间件。

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   public class Startup
    {
        public Startup(IConfiguration configuration)
        {
            Configuration = configuration;
        }
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> IConfiguration Configuration { <span style="color: #0000ff;">get</span><span style="color: #000000;">; }

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container.</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">void</span><span style="color: #000000;"> ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
    {            
        services.AddMvc();</span><span style="color: #000000;">
    }

    </span><span style="color: #008000;">//</span><span style="color: #008000;"> This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline.</span>
    <span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">void</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env, ILoggerFactory loggerFactory)
    {
        app.UseUnifyException();

        <span style="color: #ff00ff;">app.UseMiddleware</span></span><span style="color: #ff00ff;">&lt;DemoAMiddleware&gt;();
        app.UseMiddleware&lt;DemoBMiddleware&gt;();           
        app.UseMiddleware&lt;RequestRecordMiddleware&gt;</span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="color: #ff00ff;">();    </span>        

        app.UseStaticFiles();
        app.UseMvcWithDefaultRoute();
    }</span></pre>
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通过扩展方法,我们对中间件的启用代码进行改造:

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public static class RequestRecordMiddlewareExtensions
    {
        public static IApplicationBuilder UseRequestRecord(this IApplicationBuilder builder)
        {
            if (builder == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("builder is null");
            }
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> builder.UseMiddleware&lt;RequestRecordMiddleware&gt;<span style="color: #000000;">();
    }
}</span></pre>
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此时启用代码由:app.UseMiddleware<RequestRecordMiddleware>(); 

可以修改为:   app.UseRequestRecord();

实现效果没有变化。可见下面代码都是中间件的使用。

1
2
app.UseStaticFiles();
app.UseMvcWithDefaultRoute();

  

我的理解,中间件类似车间流水线上的工人,操作的零件就是HttpContext,每个人负责两道工序,我把它们定义为“前道工序”和“后道工序”,通过代码 _next(context); 把两道工序隔离开,处理的顺序需要特别注意,按照中间件注册的顺序依次处理“前道工序”,处理完成后,再按相反的顺序处理“后道工序”,如果某个中间件没有调用_next(context),那么就不会调用后续的中间件,所以中间件启用的顺序是需要特别考虑的。

以上代码中三个中间件输出到控制台的信息顺序如下:

(1)

(2)

(3)

【3】

【2】

【1】

个人认为,“前道工序”应重点处理Request,“后道工序”应重点处理Response。

 

三、做一个类似MVC的中间件

我们做一个中间件,让其返回一些内容给客户端:

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public class MyMvcMiddleware
    {
        private readonly RequestDelegate _next;
        private readonly ILogger _logger;
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> MyMvcMiddleware(RequestDelegate next, ILogger&lt;DemoAMiddleware&gt;<span style="color: #000000;"> logger)
    {
        _next </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> next;
        _logger </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> logger;
    }

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">async</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Task Invoke(HttpContext context)
    {  </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">var</span> str = <span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">hello,world!</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">;
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">await</span><span style="color: #000000;">  context.Response.WriteAsync(str);          
    }       
}</span></pre>
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这个中间件只是返回固定的字符串,我们还可以调用某个Controller的提供的方法。

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   public class MyMvcMiddleware
    {
        private readonly RequestDelegate _next;
        private readonly ILogger _logger;
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> MyMvcMiddleware(RequestDelegate next, ILogger&lt;DemoAMiddleware&gt;<span style="color: #000000;"> logger)
    {
        _next </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> next;
        _logger </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> logger;
    }

    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">async</span><span style="color: #000000;"> Task Invoke(HttpContext context)
    {<br></span><span style="color: #0000ff;">            var</span> obj = context.RequestServices.GetRequiredService&lt;ArticleController&gt;<span style="color: #000000;">().GetArticleList();
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">var</span> str =<span style="color: #000000;"> JsonConvert.SerializeObject(obj);
        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">await</span><span style="color: #000000;"> context.Response.WriteAsync(str);
    }
}</span></pre>
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ArticleController的定义如下:
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    public class ArticleController : Controller
    {
        private readonly SalesContext _context;
        private readonly ILogger _logger;
        private readonly IMemoryCache _cache;
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span> ArticleController(SalesContext context, ILogger&lt;ArticleController&gt;<span style="color: #000000;"> logger, IMemoryCache memoryCache)
    {
        _context </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> context;
        _logger </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> logger;
        _cache </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> memoryCache;
    }

    [HttpGet]
    </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">public</span><span style="color: #000000;"> ResultObject GetArticleList()
    {
        _logger.LogInformation(</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #800000;">==GetArticleList==</span><span style="color: #800000;">"</span><span style="color: #000000;">);

        List</span>&lt;Article&gt; articles =<span style="color: #000000;"> _context.Articles
            .AsNoTracking()
            .ToList();

        </span><span style="color: #0000ff;">return</span> <span style="color: #0000ff;">new</span><span style="color: #000000;"> ResultObject
        {               
            result </span>=<span style="color: #000000;"> articles
        };
    }  </span><span style="color: #000000;">
}</span></pre>
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要在中间件中通过依赖使用该Controller,需要将其注册到DI容器:

 public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{ 
      services.AddScoped<ArticleController>();
}

以上中间件实现了一个文章信息查询的功能,如果在此中间件内先判断路径,再根据不同的路径调用不同的Contorller提供的服务,就可以形成一个简单的MVC中间件了。

 

四、中间件的用途

 中间件的使用体现了AOP(面向切片)的编程思想,在不修改现有代码的情况下,通过增加一些中间件实现一些特定逻辑,可以做的事情很多,比如:

URL重写

缓存处理

异常处理

用户认证

 

五、中间件的注册顺序

前文提到中间件的注册顺序是比较重要的,建议的顺序如下:

1. 异常/错误处理
2. 静态文件服务器
3. 身份验证
4. MVC

 

posted @ 2019-07-18 13:42  奋斗的中年人哈哈哈  阅读(257)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报