Integrated Circuit —— Moore's Law

• The integrated circuit exploits the fact that such components as transistors, resistors, and conductors can be fabricated from a semiconductor such as silicon.

- integrated circuit 集成电路
- exploit the fact 利用这个事实
- transistor n. 晶体管；晶体管收音机
- resistor n. 电阻器
- conductors n. 导体、指挥、售票员
- be fabricated from 被制作的
- fabricate academic credentials 伪造学历
集成电路利用了晶体管、电阻和导体等元件可以用硅等半导体制造的事实。  

• It is merely an extension of the solid-state art to fabricate an entire circuit in a tiny piece of silicon rather than assemble discrete components made from separate pieces of silicon into the same circuit.

- merely  adv. 仅仅；无非是；不过是
- an extension of ... ...的延申;...的延期
- the solid-state art 固态的艺术
- an entire circuit 一个完整的电路
- a tiny piece of silicon 一小块硅
- rather than 而不是，宁可...也不愿
- assemble discrete components 组装离散的组件
- be made from 由...制成
- separate pieces of silicon 独立的硅片
- the same circuit 相同的电路
- fabricate 制造、生产、编造、组装、装配
- fabricate block 组合体
- assemble a machine 组装一条机器
它仅仅是固态技术的一种延伸，即在一小片硅中制造出完整的电路，而不是将由不同硅片组成的分立元件组装到同一个电路中。  

• Many transistors can be produced at the same time on a single wafer of silicon.

- transistors 晶体管；晶体三极管
- be produced at 
- wafer n. 圆片、晶片、薄饼
- a single wafer of 一片

• Equally important, these transistors can be connected with a process of metallization to from circuits.

- equally important 同样重要
- a process of metallization 金属化过程
- be connected with ... 与...有关
- metallization n. 金属化；
- circuits n. 电路；环路；巡回 v. 巡回旅行
- control circuit 控制电路
- analog circuit 模拟电路
同样重要的是，这些晶体管可以通过一个金属化的过程连接到电路上。  

• Figure 1-4 depicts the key concepts in an integrated circuit.

- depict 描绘；描述；描写
- the key concepts 核心观念
- in an integrated circuit 在集成电路中

• The identical circuit pattern is fabricated in each area, and the wafer is broken up into chips.

- be identical with 与...相同
- circuit pattern 电路图案
- be fabricated in each area 在每个区域进行制造
- the wafer is broken up into chips 这篇晶圆被切成薄片

• This chip is then packaged in housing that protects it and provides pins for attachment to devices beyond the chip.

然后，该芯片被封装在保护它的外壳中，并提供连接到芯片之外的设备的引脚。  

• A number of these packages can then be interconnected on a printed circuit board to produce larger and more complex circuits.

- a number of these packages  一些这样的包
- be interconnected on 是相互联系的
- a printed circuit board 一种印刷电路板
- produce larger and more complex circuits.  制造更大更复杂的电路

• Initially, only a few gates or memory cells could be reliably manufactured and packaged together.

- initially 最初；开始
- a few gates or memory cells 几个门或记忆单元
- be reliably manufactured 是可靠生产的
- packaged together 打包在一起

• These early integrated circuits are referred to as small-scale integration(SSI).

- early integrated circuits 早期集成电路
- be referred to 被提及；涉及到
- small-scale integration 小规模集成电路

• As time went on, it became possible to pack more and more components on the same chip.

- as time went on 随着时间推移
- pack more and more components on the same chip. 在同一个芯片上封装越来越多的组件

• The growth in density is one of the most remarkable technological trends ever recorded.

密度的增长是有记录以来最显著的技术趋势之一。  
- the growth in density 密度的增长
- population density 人口密度
- the most remarkable technological trends 最引人注目的技术趋势
- remarkable adj. 引人注目的；非凡的 
- remarkable development 显著发展

• It reflects the famoust Moore's law, which was propounded by Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel, in 1965.

- reflect the famoust Moore's law 反映了著名的摩尔定律
- be propounded by 被提出
- cofounder of Intel 英特尔联合创始人之一

• Moore observed that the number of transistors that could be put on a single chip was doubling every year and correctly predicted that this pace would continue into the near future.

- the number of transistors 晶体管的数量
- be put on a single chip 放在一个芯片上
- be doubling every year  每年翻倍
摩尔观察到，一个芯片上可以安装的晶体管数量每年都在翻倍，他准确地预测，这种速度将持续到不久的将来。  

• To the surprise of many, including Moore, the pace continue year after year and decade after decade.

- to the surprise of many 令许多人惊讶的是
- the pace continue year after year and decade after decade

• The pace slowed to a doubling every 18 months in the 1970s, but has sustained that rate ever since.

- the pace slowed to a doubling every 18 months 到了20世纪70年代，这一速度放缓至每18个月翻一番  
- has sustained that rate ever since 从那以后一直保持着这一速度

• So long as this law holds, chipmakers can unleash a new generation of chips every three years with four times as many transistors.

- so long as this law holds 只要这条规则还有效
芯片制造商可以每三年推出新一代芯片，使用四倍的晶体管。  
- unleash 推出

• In memory chip, this has quadrupled the capacity of dynamic random-access memory(DRAM), still the basic technology for computer main memory, every three years.

- memory chip 内存芯片
- quadrupled adj. 四倍的
- the capacity of ...的能力/能量
- dynamic random-access memory 动态随机存取存储器
- the basic technology 基本的技术
在存储芯片方面，每3年就将计算机主存储器的基础技术动态随机存取存储器(DRAM)的容量提高了4倍。