A Closer Look at the Processor and Primary Storage

• We have learned that all computers have similar capabilities and perform essentially the same functions, although some might be faster than others.

- have learned that 得知
- although some might be faster than others 尽管有一些计算机相比于其他计算机更快一些
- have similar capabilities 有相似的功能
- perform essentially the same functions 执行本质上相同功能
我们得知尽管有一些计算机相比于其他计算机更快一些但是所有的计算机都有相似的功能，本质上也是执行相似的功能

• We have also learned that computer system has input, output, storage, and processing components.

- have also learned that 还得知
- computer system 计算机系统
- input, output, storage, and processing components 输入、输出、存储和处理组件

• We have discussed how data are represented inside a computer system in electronic states called bits.

- have discussed 已经讨论了
- how data are represented inside a computer system 数据在计算机系统中是如何表示的
- in electronic states called bits 在电子状态中称为比特

• We are now ready to expose the inner workings of the nucleus of the computer system —— the processor

- workings n.作用；工作方式；操作
- nucleus n. 原子核；核心
- be now ready to 现在就准备好
- the inner workings 内部运作
- expose the inner workings of the nucleus of the computer system 揭露计算机系统核心的内部工作

• The internal operation of a computer is interesting, but there really is no mystery to it.

- internal operation 内部运作
- there really is no mystery to it 这并没有什么神秘之处

• The mystery is in the minds of those who listen to hearsay and believe science - fiction writer.

- in the minds of 在...的心智哦给你
- hearsay 传闻，谣言
- listen to hearsay 道听途说
- believe science 相信科学
- fiction writer 小说作家
这些神秘存在于哪些道听途说和相信科幻小说作家的人的头脑中

• The computer is a nonthinking electronic device that has to be plugged into an electrical power source, just like a toaster or a lamp.

- a nonthinking electronic device 一种不用思考的电子设备
- have to be plugged into 必须嵌入在... \必须插上
- an electrical power source 一种电源
- a toaster or a lamp 一个烤面包机或一盏灯
计算机是一种无需思考的电子设备，必须插上电源才能使用，就像烤面包机或台灯一样。  

• Literally hundreds of different types of computers are marketed by scores of manufacturers.

- literally adv. 按照字面意义地，逐字地；真正地，确实地；
- hundreds of differnt types of computers  数百种不同类型的电脑
- be marketed by scores of manufacturers 被数十家制造商推销
确实有数百种不同类型的计算机被几十家制造商推销。

• The complexity of each type may vary considerably.

- the complexity of ...  ...的复杂性
- vary considerably 相差悬殊
每种类型的复杂性可能相差很大  

• but in the end each processor, sometimes called the central processing unit or CPU.

- in the end 最后
- the central processing unit 中央处理单元

• has only two fundamental sections: the control unit and the arithmetic and logic unit

- two fundamental sections 两个基本部分
- the control unit 控制单元
- the arithmetic and logic unit 算数和逻辑单元

• Primary storage also plays an integral part in the internal operation of a processor.

- primary storage 主存储器
- an integral part in 不可分割的部分
- the internal operation of a processor 处理器的内部操作
主存储器在处理器的内部操作中也起着不可或缺的作用。  

• Let's look at their functions and the relationships between them.

让我们看看它们的功能和它们之间的关系

• Unlike magnetic secondary storage devices, such as tape and disk primary storage has no moving parts.

- magnetic secondary storage devices 磁性二级存储设备
- tape and disk 磁带📼和磁盘💽
- moving parts 活动的部件

• With no mechanical movement, data can be accessed from primary storage at electronic speeds, or close to the speed of light.

- no mechanical movement 没有机械运动
- electronic speeds 电子速度
- close to the speed of light 接近光速

• We have learned that all computers have similar capabilities and perform essentially the same functions, although some might be faster than others.

- have learned that 得知
- although some might be faster than others 尽管有一些计算机相比于其他计算机更快一些
- have similar capabilities 有相似的功能
- perform essentially the same functions 执行本质上相同功能
我们得知尽管有一些计算机相比于其他计算机更快一些但是所有的计算机都有相似的功能，本质上也是执行相似的功能

• We have also learned that computer system has input, output, storage, and processing components.

- have also learned that 还得知
- computer system 计算机系统
- input, output, storage, and processing components 输入、输出、存储和处理组件

• We have discussed how data are represented inside a computer system in electronic states called bits.

- have discussed 已经讨论了
- how data are represented inside a computer system 数据在计算机系统中是如何表示的
- in electronic states called bits 在电子状态中称为比特

• We are now ready to expose the inner workings of the nucleus of the computer system —— the processor

- workings n.作用；工作方式；操作
- nucleus n. 原子核；核心
- be now ready to 现在就准备好
- the inner workings 内部运作
- expose the inner workings of the nucleus of the computer system 揭露计算机系统核心的内部工作

• The internal operation of a computer is interesting, but there really is no mystery to it.

- internal operation 内部运作
- there really is no mystery to it 这并没有什么神秘之处

• The mystery is in the minds of those who listen to hearsay and believe science - fiction writer.

- in the minds of 在...的心智哦给你
- hearsay 传闻，谣言
- listen to hearsay 道听途说
- believe science 相信科学
- fiction writer 小说作家
这些神秘存在于哪些道听途说和相信科幻小说作家的人的头脑中

• The computer is a nonthinking electronic device that has to be plugged into an electrical power source, just like a toaster or a lamp.

- a nonthinking electronic device 一种不用思考的电子设备
- have to be plugged into 必须嵌入在... \必须插上
- an electrical power source 一种电源
- a toaster or a lamp 一个烤面包机或一盏灯
计算机是一种无需思考的电子设备，必须插上电源才能使用，就像烤面包机或台灯一样。  

• Literally hundreds of different types of computers are marketed by scores of manufacturers.

- literally adv. 按照字面意义地，逐字地；真正地，确实地；
- hundreds of differnt types of computers  数百种不同类型的电脑
- be marketed by scores of manufacturers 被数十家制造商推销
确实有数百种不同类型的计算机被几十家制造商推销。

• The complexity of each type may vary considerably.

- the complexity of ...  ...的复杂性
- vary considerably 相差悬殊
每种类型的复杂性可能相差很大  

• but in the end each processor, sometimes called the central processing unit or CPU.

- in the end 最后
- the central processing unit 中央处理单元

• has only two fundamental sections: the control unit and the arithmetic and logic unit

- two fundamental sections 两个基本部分
- the control unit 控制单元
- the arithmetic and logic unit 算数和逻辑单元

• Primary storage also plays an integral part in the internal operation of a processor.

- primary storage 主存储器
- an integral part in 不可分割的部分
- the internal operation of a processor 处理器的内部操作
主存储器在处理器的内部操作中也起着不可或缺的作用。  

• Let's look at their functions and the relationships between them.

让我们看看它们的功能和它们之间的关系

• Unlike magnetic secondary storage devices, such as tape and disk primary storage has no moving parts.

- magnetic secondary storage devices 磁性二级存储设备
- tape and disk 磁带📼和磁盘💽
- moving parts 活动的部件

• With no mechanical movement, data can be accessed from primary storage at electronic speeds, or close to the speed of light.

- no mechanical movement 没有机械运动
- electronic speeds 电子速度
- close to the speed of light 接近光速

• Primary storage, or main memory, provides the processor with temporary storage for programs and data.

- primary storage 主存储器
- main memory 主存储器
- 给处理器提供程序和数据的临时存储

• All programs and data must be transferred to primary storage from an input device(such as a VDT).

所有程序和数据必须从输入设备传输到主存储器 

• Primary storage space is always at a premium;

* premium n. 保险费；额外的价值；溢价；津贴；奖品；奖金；adj. 高价的；高品质的
* at a premium 非常珍贵
主存储空间总是非常珍贵

• Therefore, after a program has been executed, the storage space it occupied is reallocated to another program awaiting execution.

因此，在一个程序被执行后，它所占用的存储空间被重新分配给另一个等待执行的程序。  

• In the figure 在图中

• be routed to primary storage over a channel(such as a coaxial cable). 通过通道路由到主存储器

• The program and data are "loaded", or moved, to primary storage from secondary storage.

- program and data files 程序和数据文件

• That is, the program and data that area read reside in both primary storage (temporarily) and secondary storage(permanently).

- reside v. 居住，定居，属于，位于
也就是说，区域读取的程序和数据同时驻留在主存储器(临时)和辅助存储器(永久)中  

• The data are manipulated according to program instructions, and a report is written from primary storage to a printer.

- program instructions 程序指令

• Interaction between primary storage and computer system components.

- interaction n. 互动；交流；相互影响；相互作用
主存储器和计算机系统部件之间的相互作用

• All programs and data must be transferred from an input device or from secondary storage before programs can be executed and data can be processed.

- be transferred to 被转移到
- an input device 一个输入设备
在程序被执行和数据被处理之前，所有的程序和数据必须从输入设备或从辅助存储器传输

• During processing, instructions and data are passed between the various types of internal memories, the control unit, and the arithmetic and logic unit.

- during processing 在处理过程中
- instructions and data 指令和数据
- various types of internal memories 各种类型的内部存储器
- control unit 控制单元
- the arithmetic and logic unit 算数和逻辑单元
在处理过程中，指令和数据在各种类型的内部存储器、控制单元和算术逻辑单元之间传递。

• Output is transferred to the printer from primary storage

输出从主存储器传送到打印机

• A program instruction or a piece of data is stored in a specific primary storage location called an address.

- program instuction 程序指令
- a piece of data 一段数据
- be stored in 被存储在
- a specific primary storage location 一个特定的主存储位置
一个程序指令或一段数据被存储在一个称为地址的特定主存储位置

• Address permit program instructions and data to be located, accessed, and processed.

地址允许程序指令和数据被定位、访问和处理。
located 定位
accessed 访问
processed 处理

• The content of each address is constantly changing as different programs are executed and new data are processed.

- the content of ...  ...的内容
- be constantly changing 在不断变化
- different programs are executed 不同程序的执行
- new data are processed 新数据被处理
每个地址的内容随着不同程序的执行和新数据的处理而不断变化。

• Another name for primary storage is random-access memory, or RAM.

主存储器的另一个名称是随机存取存储器

• A special type of primary storage, called read-only memory(ROM), cannot be altered by the programmer.

• The contents of ROM are "hard-wired"(designed into the logic of the memory chip) by the manufacturer and can be "read only"

- the contents of ... ...的内容
- the logic of the memory chip 内存芯片的逻辑
- manufacturer n. 生产商、制造商
- automobile manufacturer 汽车制造商
ROM的内容是由制造商“硬连接”(设计到存储芯片的逻辑中)的，并且可以“只读”  

• When you turn on a microcomputer system, a program in ROM automatically readies the computer system for use.

- turn on a microcomputer system 打开微型计算机系统
当你打开一个微型计算机系统时，只读存储器中的一个程序自动地使计算机系统准备好投入使用
- automatically 自动地

• Then the ROM program produces the initial display screen prompt.

- the initial display 初始显示
- screen prompt 屏幕提示

• A variation of ROM is programmable read-only memory(PROM).

- variation n. 变化；变动；变奏曲；变异
- temperature variation 温度变化
- genetic variation n. 遗传变异
- programmable adj. 可编程的；可设计的
- programmable calculator 可编程计算器

• All the storage cells must be erased to the same initial state.

- storage cell 存储单元
- be erased to 被抹去
- the same initial state 相同的初始状态
所有的存储单元必须被擦除到相同的初始状态。

• It can be written into at any time without erasing prior contents;

它可以在任何时候被写入，而不会删除之前的内容;

• The EEPROM combines the advantage of nonvolatility with the flexibility of being updatable in place, using ordinary bus control, address and data lines.

- the advantage of nonvolatility 不波动的优势
 
EEPROM利用普通的总线控制、地址和数据线, 将不挥发性的优点与就地可更新的灵活性结合在一起

• Another form of semiconductor memory is flash memory(so named because of the speed).

另一种形式的半导体存储器是闪存(因其速度而得名)。  
form of semiconductor memory 半导体形式
flash memory flash memory 闪速存储器
cost and functionality 成本和功能

• An entire flash memory can be erased in one or a few seconds, which is much faster than EPROM.

- an entire flash memory 一个完整的闪存
- in one or a few seconds 在1或几秒中内
- be much faster than 比...快得多

• In addition, it is possible to erase just blocks of memory rather than an entire chip.

此外，可以只删除内存块，而不是整个芯片。  
- blocks of memory 记忆快/存储块
- rather than an entire chip 而不是整个芯片

• However, flash memory does not provide byte-level erasure.

- byte-level 字节级
- erasure code 删除码

Cache Memory