python模块之 - subprocess执行unix/linux命令
subprocess模块提供了一种一致的方法来创建和处理附加进程,与标准库中的其它模块相比,提供了一个更高级的接口,subprocess模块用来生成子进程,并可以通过管道连接它们的
输入/输出/错误,以及获得它们的返回值.它用来代替多个旧模块和函数:
os.system
os.spawn*
os.popen*
popen2.*
commands.*
1.subprocess.call( commands ) 方法 :
subprocess的call方法可以用于执行一个外部命令,但该方法不能返回执行的结果,只能返回执行的状态码:成功(0)或错误(非0)
call()方法中的commands可以是一个列表,也可以是一个字符串,作为字符串时需要用原生的shell=True来执行:
示例:
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>>> import subprocess >>> subprocess.call([ "ls" , "-lh" ]) total 8.0K -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 941 Oct 22 2013 socket_2.py -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 401 Oct 22 2013 socket_client.py 0 >>> subprocess.call( "ls -lh" ,shell=True) total 8.0K -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 941 Oct 22 2013 socket_2.py -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 401 Oct 22 2013 socket_client.py 0 >>> 如上实例所示,虽然我们能看到执行的结果和返回的一个状态码0,但保存为变量后实际获取的值只是状态码 >>> cmd_result = subprocess.call( "ls -lh" ,shell=True) total 8.0K -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 941 Oct 22 2013 socket_2.py -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 401 Oct 22 2013 socket_client.py >>> print(cmd_result) 0 >>> |
2.subprocess.check_call() 方法:
我们说过call执行返回一个状态码,我们可以通过check_call()函数来检测命令的执行结果,如果不成功将返回 subprocess.CalledProcessError 异常
#如果命令执行正确则返回结果,和subprocess.call效果一样.
示例:
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>>> try : ... subprocess.check_call( "ls -lh" ,shell=True) ... except subprocess.CalledProcessError as err: ... print( "Commands error" ) ... total 8.0K -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 941 Oct 22 2013 socket_2.py -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 401 Oct 22 2013 socket_client.py 0 >>> #如果命令执行错误,则抛出异常. >>> try : ... subprocess.check_call( "ls -jj" ,shell=True) ... except subprocess.CalledProcessError as err: ... print( "Commands error" ) ... ls: invalid option -- 'j' Try `ls --help' for more information. Commands error >>> |
subprocess.call 和subprocess.check_call的区别:
subprocess.call:执行命令,返回结果
check_all :执行命令,如果执行状态码是0,则返回0,否则抛出异常.
subprocess.call如果命令执行错误不会抛出异常(经测试在linux系统上执行错误命令也会有异常错误,在pycharm上面则不抛出异常),而subprocess.check_call如果命令执行错误则抛出异常,如果命令执行正确则两者效果一样.
3.subprocess.Popen()方法:
函数call(), check_call() 和 check_output() 都是Popen类的包装器。直接使用Popen会对如何运行命令以及如何处理其输入输出有更多控制。如通过为stdin, stdout和stderr传递不同的参数。
1.与进程的单向通信
通过Popen()方法调用命令后执行的结果,可以设置stdout值为PIPE,再调用communicate()获取结果 返回结果为tuple. 在python3中结果为byte类型,要得到str类型需要decode转换一下输出结果(读)
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# 直接执行命令输出到屏幕 >>> subprocess.Popen( "ls -lh" ,shell=True) <subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f8ad576c450> >>> total 8.0K -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 941 Oct 22 2013 socket_2.py -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 401 Oct 22 2013 socket_client.py >>> # 不输出到屏幕,输出到变量 #读取字符串 >>> cmd_result=subprocess.Popen([ "echo" , "welcome to china" ],stdout=subprocess.PIPE) >>> print(cmd_result) <subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f8ad576c9d0> >>> stdout_var=cmd_result.communicate() >>> stdout_var ( 'welcome to china\n' , None) >>> print((stdout_var[0]).decode( 'utf-8' )) welcome to china >>> #读取命令输出结果 >>> cmd_result=subprocess.Popen([ "ls" , "-lh" ],stdout=subprocess.PIPE) >>> print(cmd_result) <subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f8ad576c990> >>> stdout_var=cmd_result.communicate() >>> print((stdout_var[0]).decode( "utf-8" )) total 8.0K -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 941 Oct 22 2013 socket_2.py -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 401 Oct 22 2013 socket_client.py >>> #将结果输出到文件 >>> file_handle = open( "/tmp/t.logs" , "w+" ) >>> subprocess.Popen( "ls -lh" ,shell=True,stdout=file_handle) <subprocess.Popen object at 0x7f8ad576c990> >>> #在指定路径创建目录 >>> import subprocess >>> obj = subprocess.Popen( "mkdir t3" ,shell=True,cwd= "/tmp" ,) >>> obj = subprocess.Popen( "mkdir t4" ,shell=True,cwd= "/tmp" ) >>> |
2 与进程的双向通信:
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>>> cmd_result=subprocess.Popen( "cat" ,shell=True,stdin=subprocess.PIPE,stdout=subprocess.PIPE) >>> msg= "Hello World" .encode( "utf-8" ) # 写入到输入管道 >>> cmd_result.stdin.write(msg) >>> stdout_var=cmd_result.communicate() >>> stdout_var ( 'Hello World' , None) >>> (stdout_var[0]).decode( "utf-8" ) u 'Hello World' >>> (stdout_var[0]).decode() u 'Hello World' >>> >>> stdout_var[0] 'Hello World' >>> #打开一个python终端,执行python print命令. >>> cmd_result=subprocess.Popen([ "python" ],stdin=subprocess.PIPE,stdout=subprocess.PIPE,stderr=subprocess.PIPE) >>> cmd_result.stdin.write( 'print("Good luck!")' .encode( "utf-8" )) >>> stdin_var,err_var=cmd_result.communicate() >>> print(err_var) >>> print(stdin_var) Good luck! >>> stdin_var 'Good luck!\n' >>> |
Popen其它方法:
poll() | 检查是否结束,设置返回值 |
wait() | 等待结束,设置返回值 |
communicate() | 参数是标准输入,返回标准输出和标准出错 |
send_signal() | 发送信号 (主要在unix下有用) |
terminate() | 终止进程,unix对应的SIGTERM信号,windows下调用api函数TerminateProcess() |
kill() | 杀死进程(unix对应SIGKILL信号),windows下同上 |
stdin stdout stderr |
参数中指定PIPE时,有用 |
pid | 进程id |
returncode | 进程返回值 |
脚本实例:
#!/usr/bin/env python #coding:utf-8 import os import sys import subprocess import time import signal TOMCAT_HOME="/usr/local/tomcat-fraud/" TOMCAT_PORT=8083 remote_ip="123.56.219.121" remote_port="'-e ssh -p 6168'" try: backup_dir='/data/backup/' + sys.argv[1] + os.sep + time.strftime('%Y%m%d') except IndexError: print("example : python fraud-dev.sh < projectname >") if len(sys.argv) < 2: print("you must use like this : python fraud-dev.sh <projectname>") sys.exit() if not os.path.isdir(backup_dir): os.makedirs(backup_dir) print("Sucessfully created directory",backup_dir) else: print("directory alreaty exist") #备份的模块(将项目的war包从jenkins目录取下来放到本地目录.) def backup(): print("download fraud.war...") #Jenkins服务器存放war包的目录 packge_dir="/root/.jenkins/workspace/fraud-dev/fraud-web/target/" remote_ssh = remote_ip + ":" + packge_dir + sys.argv[1] + ".war" print(remote_ssh) #remote_ssh = remote_ip + ":" + packge_dir rsyn="/usr/bin/sudo rsync -avH --progress %s %s %s" %(remote_port,remote_ssh,backup_dir) if subprocess.call(rsyn,shell=True) == 0: print("download fraud.war sucess...") else: print("同步代码失败,check...") #代码更新函数: def rsync_java(): target_dir=TOMCAT_HOME + "webapps/" #os.chdir(target_dir) subprocess.Popen("rm -rf *", shell=True, cwd=target_dir) time.sleep(3) print("开始更新代码中...") rsync_ssh="/usr/bin/sudo rsync -avH --progress %s %s" %(backup_dir,target_dir) if subprocess.call(rsync_ssh,shell=True) == 0: print("代码更新完成...") else: print("代码更新失败...") #启停Java服务. def kill_pid(pid): try: a = os.kill(pid, signal.SIGKILL) print("已杀死pid为%s的进程,返回值是:%s" % (pid, a)) except OSError: print("没有这个进程号") def start_java(): java_service= TOMCAT_HOME + "bin/startup.sh" os.system(java_service) time.sleep(5) print("tomcat 启动完成...") if __name__ == "__main__": backup() li = [] #cmd="/usr/sbin/lsof -i:80 |egrep -v PID | awk {'print $2'} |sort -nr|uniq" cmd="/usr/sbin/lsof -i:%s | grep java |awk {'print $2'}" %(TOMCAT_PORT) pid = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT) # print(pid.stdout.readlines()) for m in pid.stdout.readlines(): li.append(int(m)) for i in li: kill_pid(i) time.sleep(3) print("开始上传代码中...") rsync_java() start_java() java备份和上传代码
#!/usr/bin/env python #coding:utf-8 import os import time import subprocess packge_dir = "/root/.jenkins/workspace/shop-H5/" remote_ip = "59.110.164.99" remote_port = "'-e ssh -p 6168'" backup_dir = '/data/backup/' + time.strftime('%Y%m%d') source_dir = "shop-H5" def backup_php(): tgz = backup_dir + os.sep + "shop-H5_" + time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H') + '.tgz' backup_tgz = "tar -zcvf %s %s" % (tgz,source_dir) #print(time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d-%H:%M')) #print(backup_dir) if not os.path.exists(backup_dir): os.mkdir(backup_dir) print("Sucessfully created directory",backup_dir) print("开始备份代码中...") os.chdir('/opt') if subprocess.call(backup_tgz,shell=True) == 0: print("Successful backup to ", tgz) else: print("Backup FAILED!!") time.sleep(3) def rsync_php(): print("开始代码同步中...") remote_ssh = remote_ip + ":" + packge_dir rsyn = "/usr/bin/sudo rsync -avH --progress %s %s %s" %(remote_port,remote_ssh,source_dir) if subprocess.call(rsyn,shell=True) == 0: print("同步代码成功...") else: print("同步代码失败,check...") #递归改变目录的权限 #os.chown(source_dir,509,509) mattr="chown -R phpci:phpci %s" %(source_dir) #subprocess.call(mattr,shell=True) subprocess.call(mattr,shell=True) if __name__ == "__main__": backup_php() rsync_php() PHP代码备份及上传 PHP代码备份及上传
#!/usr/bin/env python #coding:utf-8 import os import time import subprocess packge_dir = "/root/.jenkins/workspace/pre-php-p/" remote_ip = "59.110.164.99" remote_port = "'-e ssh -p 6168'" backup_dir= '/data/backup/' + time.strftime('%Y%m%d') source_dir="shop-H5" source_URL="/data/web/xd" def backup_php(): tagz = backup_dir + os.sep + source_dir + "_" + time.strftime('%Y%m%d%H') + '.tgz' print "tagz=",tagz backup_tgz = "tar -zcvf %s %s" %(tagz,source_dir) if not os.path.exists(backup_dir): os.mkdir(backup_dir) print("Sucessfully created directory",backup_dir) print("开始备份代码中...") os.chdir(source_URL) #os.system(backup_tgz) #subprocess.call(backup_tgz,shell=True) if subprocess.call(backup_tgz,shell=True) == 0: print "Successful backup to ", tagz else: print "Backup FAILED!!" time.sleep(3) def rsync_php(): print("开始代码同步中...") remote_ssh = remote_ip + ":" + packge_dir time.sleep(3) rsyn="/usr/bin/sudo rsync -avH --progress --exclude=.git %s %s %s" %(remote_port,remote_ssh,source_dir) #print rsyn if subprocess.call(rsyn,shell=True) == 0: print("同步代码成功...") else: print("同步代码失败,check...") #os.chown(source_dir,504,504) mattr="chown -R phpci:phpci %s" %(source_dir) subprocess.call(mattr,shell=True) if __name__ == "__main__": backup_php() rsync_php() PHP代码备份及目录过滤