1.while语句
条件循环控制语句。一般需要和break一起使用,不然会进入死循环。
格式:【 while <条件>:
<内容>
break 】
x=int(input('请输入一个数字:')) while x>0: print('正数') break
2.if语句
流程分支的条件控制,一般和elif和else使用。
x=int(input('请输入一个数字:')) if x<0: print('负数') elif x==0: print('零') else : print('正数')
对于简单的 if else语句,可以用三元运算(三目运算)来表示
#书写格式 result = value1 if 条件 else value2 #如果条件成立,把value1的值赋给result,不成立,则把value2的值赋给result
1 #if一般方法表达 2 a=1 3 if a==1: 4 result='True' 5 else: 6 result='False' 7 print(result) 8 9 #三目运算表达 10 result = 'True' if a==1 else 'False' 11 print(result) 12 13 #运行结果 14 True 15 True
3.for语句
循环控制语句,可用来遍历某一对象,和in一起使用。
格式: 【 for <> in <对象集合>:】
x=['a','b','c','d'] for i in x : # i 位置的字符,只要不是关键字,可以随意用字符代表 print(i)
4.range()函数
数字序列迭代器,当你迭代它时,它是一个能够像期望的序列返回连续项的对象,但为了节省空间,它并不真正构造列表。
格式: range(stop) 给出结束数值,开始数值默认为0,间隔为1。
range(start,stop) 给出开始数值和结束数值,间隔为1。
range(start,stop,step) 给出开始数值和结束数值,间隔为step数值。
1 class range(object): 2 """ 3 range(stop) -> range object 4 range(start, stop[, step]) -> range object 5 6 Return an object that produces a sequence of integers from start (inclusive) 7 to stop (exclusive) by step. range(i, j) produces i, i+1, i+2, ..., j-1. 8 start defaults to 0, and stop is omitted! range(4) produces 0, 1, 2, 3. 9 These are exactly the valid indices for a list of 4 elements. 10 When step is given, it specifies the increment (or decrement). 11 """ 12 def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 13 """ rangeobject.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """ 14 return 0 15 16 def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 17 """ 18 rangeobject.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return index of value. 19 Raise ValueError if the value is not present. 20 """ 21 return 0 22 23 def __contains__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 24 """ Return key in self. """ 25 pass 26 27 def __eq__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 28 """ Return self==value. """ 29 pass 30 31 def __getattribute__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 32 """ Return getattr(self, name). """ 33 pass 34 35 def __getitem__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 36 """ Return self[key]. """ 37 pass 38 39 def __ge__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 40 """ Return self>=value. """ 41 pass 42 43 def __gt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 44 """ Return self>value. """ 45 pass 46 47 def __hash__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 48 """ Return hash(self). """ 49 pass 50 51 def __init__(self, stop): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 52 pass 53 54 def __iter__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 55 """ Implement iter(self). """ 56 pass 57 58 def __len__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 59 """ Return len(self). """ 60 pass 61 62 def __le__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 63 """ Return self<=value. """ 64 pass 65 66 def __lt__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 67 """ Return self<value. """ 68 pass 69 70 @staticmethod # known case of __new__ 71 def __new__(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 72 """ Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature. """ 73 pass 74 75 def __ne__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 76 """ Return self!=value. """ 77 pass 78 79 def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 80 pass 81 82 def __repr__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 83 """ Return repr(self). """ 84 pass 85 86 def __reversed__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 87 """ Return a reverse iterator. """ 88 pass 89 90 start = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default 91 92 step = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default 93 94 stop = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default
for i in range(3): #运行结果为0,1,2 print(i) for i in range(0,5): #运行结果为0,1,2,3,4 print(i) for i in range(-2,10,2): #运行结果为-2,0,2,4,6,8 print(i)
5.break和continue语句,以及循环中的else语句
1)break语句和 C 中的类似,用于跳出最近的一级 for 或 while 循环。
while True: print('hello') break
2)continue语句表示循环继续执行下一次迭代:
for x in range(1, 4): print(x, 'for语句') continue print(x, 'continue语句后') else: print(x, 'else语句') #运行结果 1 for语句 2 for语句 3 for语句 3 else语句
3)循环中的else
如continue的例子里,有for-else语句,else语句会在循环跳出后执行,但是break跳出循环则不会执行else,所以else可以用来处理循环中的一些异常跳出。
for x in range(1, 4): print(x) else: print(x) #运行结果 1 2 3 3
6.pass语句
pass语句什么也不做。它用于那些语法上必须要有什么语句,但程序什么也不做的场合,通常用于创建最小结构的类。
另一方面,pass可以在创建新代码时用来做函数或控制体的占位符。可以让你在更抽象的级别上思考。
class EmptyClass: pass