Linux用户配置sudo权限(visudo)

sudo的工作过程如下:

1,当用户执行sudo时,系统会主动寻找/etc/sudoers文件,判断该用户是否有执行sudo的权限

2,确认用户具有可执行sudo的权限后,让用户输入用户自己的密码确认

3,若密码输入成功,则开始执行sudo后续的命令

4,root执行sudo时不需要输入密码(eudoers文件中有配置root ALL=(ALL) ALL这样一条规则)

5,若欲切换的身份与执行者的身份相同,也不需要输入密码

 

visudo使用vi打开/etc/sudoers文件,但是在保存退出时,visudo会检查内部语法,避免用户输入错误信息

visudo需要root权限

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[hadoop@localhost ~]$ visudo 
visudo:/etc/sudoers:权限不够 
visudo:/etc/sudoers:权限不够

使用visudo命令打开sudo配置文件

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## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as 
## the root user, without needing the root password. 
## 该文件允许特定用户像root用户一样使用各种各样的命令,而不需要root用户的密码 
## 
## Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections 
## of related commands, which can then be delegated out to particular 
## users or groups. 
## 在文件的底部提供了很多相关命令的示例以供选择,这些示例都可以被特定用户或 
## 用户组所使用  
## 
## This file must be edited with the 'visudo' command. 
## 该文件必须使用"visudo"命令编辑 
   
## Host Aliases 
## Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhaps using  
## wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead. 
## 对于一组服务器,你可能会更喜欢使用主机名(可能是全域名的通配符) 
## 、或IP地址,这时可以配置主机别名 
# Host_Alias     FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2 
# Host_Alias     MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2 
   
## User Aliases 
## These aren't often necessary, as you can use regular groups 
## (ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname  
## rather than USERALIAS 
## 这并不很常用,因为你可以通过使用组来代替一组用户的别名 
# User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem 
   
## Command Aliases 
## These are groups of related commands... 
## 指定一系列相互关联的命令(当然可以是一个)的别名,通过赋予该别名sudo权限, 
## 可以通过sudo调用所有别名包含的命令,下面是一些示例 
   
## Networking 网络操作相关命令别名 
# Cmnd_Alias NETWORKING = /sbin/route, /sbin/ifconfig, /bin/ping, /sbin/dhclient 
, /usr/bin/net, /sbin/iptables, /usr/bin/rfcomm, /usr/bin/wvdial, /sbin/iwconfig 
, /sbin/mii-tool 
   
## Installation and management of software 软件安装管理相关命令别名 
# Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum 
   
## Services 服务相关命令别名 
# Cmnd_Alias SERVICES = /sbin/service, /sbin/chkconfig 
   
## Updating the locate database 本地数据库升级命令别名 
# Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb 
   
## Storage 磁盘操作相关命令别名 
# Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe 
, /bin/mount, /bin/umount 
   
## Delegating permissions 代理权限相关命令别名 
# Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod, /bin/chgrp  
   
## Processes 进程相关命令别名 
# Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/killall 
   
## Drivers 驱动命令别名 
# Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe 
   
# Defaults specification 
   
# Disable "ssh hostname sudo <cmd>", because it will show the password in clear.  
#         You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo <cmd>". 
# 一些环境变量的相关配置,具体情况可见man soduers 
Defaults    requiretty 
   
Defaults    env_reset 
Defaults    env_keep =  "COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS" 
Defaults    env_keep += "MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE" 
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES" 
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE" 
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY" 
   
Defaults    secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin 
   
## Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on  
## which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple 
## systems). 
## 下面是规则配置:什么用户在哪台服务器上可以执行哪些命令(sudoers文件可以在多个系统上共享) 
## Syntax(语法): 
## 
##  user    MACHINE=COMMANDS 用户 登录的主机=(可以变换的身份) 可以执行的命令 
## 
## The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it. 
## 命令部分可以附带一些其它的选项 
## 
## Allow root to run any commands anywhere  
## 允许root用户执行任意路径下的任意命令 
root    ALL=(ALL)   ALL 
   
## Allows members of the 'sys' group to run networking, software,  
## service management apps and more. 
## 允许sys中户组中的用户使用NETWORKING等所有别名中配置的命令 
# %sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE 
, DRIVERS 
   
## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands 
## 允许wheel用户组中的用户执行所有命令 
%wheel  ALL=(ALL)   ALL 
   
## Same thing without a password 
## 允许wheel用户组中的用户在不输入该用户的密码的情况下使用所有命令 
# %wheel    ALL=(ALL)   NOPASSWD: ALL 
   
## Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the  
## cdrom as root 
## 允许users用户组中的用户像root用户一样使用mount、unmount、chrom命令 
# %users  ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom 
   
## Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system 
## 允许users用户组中的用户关闭localhost这台服务器 
# %users  localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now 
   
## Read drop-in files from /etc/sudoers.d (the # here does not mean a comment) 
## 读取放置在/etc/sudoers.d/文件夹中的文件(此处的#不意味着这是一个声明) 
#includedir /etc/sudoers.d

#参考配置

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[ceph@admin-node ~]$ sudo visudo
## Sudoers allows particular users to run various commands as
## the root user, without needing the root password.
##
## Examples are provided at the bottom of the file for collections
##
## This file must be edited with the 'visudo' command.
 
## Host Aliases
## Groups of machines. You may prefer to use hostnames (perhaps using
## wildcards for entire domains) or IP addresses instead.
# Host_Alias     FILESERVERS = fs1, fs2
# Host_Alias     MAILSERVERS = smtp, smtp2
 
## User Aliases
## These aren't often necessary, as you can use regular groups
## (ie, from files, LDAP, NIS, etc) in this file - just use %groupname
## rather than USERALIAS
# User_Alias ADMINS = jsmith, mikem
 
 
## Command Aliases
## These are groups of related commands...
 
## Networking
 
## Installation and management of software
# Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date, /usr/bin/yum
 
## Services
 
## Updating the locate database
# Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb
 
## Storage
# Cmnd_Alias STORAGE = /sbin/fdisk, /sbin/sfdisk, /sbin/parted, /sbin/partprobe, /bin/mount, /bin/umount
 
## Delegating permissions
# Cmnd_Alias DELEGATING = /usr/sbin/visudo, /bin/chown, /bin/chmod, /bin/chgrp
 
## Processes
# Cmnd_Alias PROCESSES = /bin/nice, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/kill, /usr/bin/killall
 
## Drivers
# Cmnd_Alias DRIVERS = /sbin/modprobe
 
# Defaults specification
 
#
# Disable "ssh hostname sudo <cmd>", because it will show the password in clear.
#         You have to run "ssh -t hostname sudo <cmd>".
#
Defaults:ceph  !requiretty
 
#
# Refuse to run if unable to disable echo on the tty. This setting should also be
# changed in order to be able to use sudo without a tty. See requiretty above.
#
Defaults   !visiblepw
 
#
# Preserving HOME has security implications since many programs
# use it when searching for configuration files. Note that HOME
# is already set when the the env_reset option is enabled, so
# this option is only effective for configurations where either
# env_reset is disabled or HOME is present in the env_keep list.
#
Defaults    always_set_home
 
Defaults    env_reset
Defaults    env_keep =  "COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE INPUTRC KDEDIR LS_COLORS"
Defaults    env_keep += "MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT LC_MESSAGES"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE"
Defaults    env_keep += "LC_TIME LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY"
 
#
# Adding HOME to env_keep may enable a user to run unrestricted
# commands via sudo.
#
# Defaults   env_keep += "HOME"
 
Defaults    secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
 
## Next comes the main part: which users can run what software on
## which machines (the sudoers file can be shared between multiple
## systems).
## Syntax:
##
##      user    MACHINE=COMMANDS
##
## The COMMANDS section may have other options added to it.
##
## Allow root to run any commands anywhere
root    ALL=(ALL)       ALL
ceph    ALL=(root)      NOPASSWD: ALL   #添加一个普通用户,切换时不需要密码
 
## Allows members of the 'sys' group to run networking, software,
## service management apps and more.
# %sys ALL = NETWORKING, SOFTWARE, SERVICES, STORAGE, DELEGATING, PROCESSES, LOCATE, DRIVERS
 
## Allows people in group wheel to run all commands
%wheel  ALL=(ALL)       ALL
 
## Same thing without a password
# %wheel        ALL=(ALL)       NOPASSWD: ALL
 
## Allows members of the users group to mount and unmount the
## cdrom as root
# %users  ALL=/sbin/mount /mnt/cdrom, /sbin/umount /mnt/cdrom
 
## Allows members of the users group to shutdown this system
# %users  localhost=/sbin/shutdown -h now
 
## Read drop-in files from /etc/sudoers.d (the # here does not mean a comment)
#includedir /etc/sudoers.d

#使配置生效

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[ceph@node4 ~]$ sudo visudo -c
/etc/sudoers: parsed OK
/etc/sudoers.d/ceph: parsed OK
posted @   努力哥  阅读(2254)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报
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