韦东山嵌入式Linux视频教程_3期项目实战之ALSA声卡_从零编写之数据传输(基于优龙FS2410开发板,UDA1341声卡)
一、实验环境
1.1 虚拟机环境
a) Vmware版本:Vmware Workstation 12.5.7
b) Ubuntu版本:9.10
c) 内核版本:2.6.31.14
d) toolchain版本:arm-linux-gcc 4.3.2
1.2 开发板
优龙FS2410开发板,UDA1341声卡
内核版本:3.4.2
二、声卡数据传输的原理(以播放为例)
(1) 驱动程序分配一个buffer:s2c2440_dma_new
(2) app不断写一个个period数据到buffer(appl_ptr以frame为单位) 。一个period包含多个frame,一个frame就是一个采样数据
(3) 驱动不断从buffer里取出一个period:load_dma_period,启动DMA传输:s3c2440_dma_start,发送给声卡
(4)传输完毕,产生中断):s3c2440_dma2_irq ,更新状态(hw_ptr,以frame为单位)
三、具体实现(s3c2440_dma.c)
注:内核中关于s3c24xx的DMA操作的代码框架非常复杂,暂时未仔细研究(可参考:李兰溪 S3C24XX DMA框架源码分析)。而我们自制的驱动,则简化了很多,但基本思想和流程是和内核一致的。
准备工作
1. 定义好DMA操作相关的寄存器,并进行ioremap,以便后续的访问
#define DMA0_BASE_ADDR 0x4B000000 #define DMA1_BASE_ADDR 0x4B000040 #define DMA2_BASE_ADDR 0x4B000080 #define DMA3_BASE_ADDR 0x4B0000C0 struct s3c_dma_regs { unsigned long disrc; unsigned long disrcc; unsigned long didst; unsigned long didstc; unsigned long dcon; unsigned long dstat; unsigned long dcsrc; unsigned long dcdst; unsigned long dmasktrig; }; static volatile struct s3c_dma_regs *dma_regs; static int s3c2440_dma_init(void) { dma_regs = ioremap(DMA2_BASE_ADDR, sizeof(struct s3c_dma_regs)); platform_device_register(&s3c2440_dma_dev); platform_driver_register(&s3c2440_dma_drv); return 0; } static void s3c2440_dma_exit(void) { platform_device_unregister(&s3c2440_dma_dev); platform_driver_unregister(&s3c2440_dma_drv); iounmap(dma_regs); }
2. 实现几个基础函数,供后续s3c2440_dma_prepare、s3c2440_dma2_irq和s3c2440_dma_trigger调用
/* 数据传输: 源,目的,长度 */ static void load_dma_period(void) { /* 把源,目的,长度告诉DMA */ dma_regs->disrc = playback_dma_info.phy_addr + playback_dma_info.dma_ofs; /* 源的物理地址 */ dma_regs->disrcc = (0<<1) | (0<<0); /* 源位于AHB总线, 源地址递增 */ dma_regs->didst = 0x55000010; /* 目的的物理地址 IIS fifo entry*/ dma_regs->didstc = (0<<2) | (1<<1) | (1<<0); /* 目的位于APB总线, 目的地址不变 */ /* handshake mode DACK and DREQ are synchronized to PCLK Enable/Disable the interrupt setting for CURR_TC A unit transfer single service mode select I2SSDO of DCON2 as DMA request source hardware trigger DMA request datasize to be transfered: half word 2(bytes)*1(unit)*initial transfer_count = len ==>transfer_count=len/2 */ /* bit22: 1-noreload */ //传输的长度(datasize是half word即2个字节):playback_dma_info.period_size/2 dma_regs->dcon = (1<<31)|(0<<30)|(1<<29)|(0<<28)|(0<<27)|(0<<24)|(1<<23)|(1<<22)|(1<<20)|(playback_dma_info.period_size/2); /* 使能中断,单个传输,硬件触发 */ } static void s3c2440_dma_start(void) { /* 启动DMA */ dma_regs->dmasktrig = (1<<1); } static void s3c2440_dma_stop(void) { /* 停止DMA */ dma_regs->dmasktrig &= ~(1<<1); }
3.1 实现s3c2440_dma_platform.pcm_new(即s3c2440_dma_new)
(参考 sound\soc\samsung\dma.c 的 dma_new)
static int s3c2440_dma_new(struct snd_soc_pcm_runtime *rtd) { struct snd_card *card = rtd->card->snd_card; struct snd_pcm *pcm = rtd->pcm; struct snd_pcm_substream *substream = pcm->streams[SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK].substream; struct snd_dma_buffer *buf = &substream->dma_buffer; /*
snd_dma_buffer的作用:
在hw_params阶段,snd_soc_platform_driver的ops->hw_params会被调用,通常会使用snd_pcm_set_runtime_buffer()
把substream->dma_buffer的值拷贝到substream->runtime的相关字段中(.dma_area, .dma_addr, .dma_bytes),
这样以后就可以通过substream->runtime获得这些地址和大小信息了。因为有播放和录音两个substream,而runtime始终指向当前使用的substream, 所以便于跟踪substream。 */ int ret = 0; /* 1. 分配DMA BUFFER */ if (!card->dev->dma_mask) //这段代码,是后来调试时发现,必须要加的 card->dev->dma_mask = &dma_mask; if (!card->dev->coherent_dma_mask) card->dev->coherent_dma_mask = DMA_BIT_MASK(32); if (pcm->streams[SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_PLAYBACK].substream) { playback_dma_info.virt_addr = (unsigned int)dma_alloc_writecombine(pcm->card->dev, s3c2440_dma_hardware.buffer_bytes_max, &playback_dma_info.phy_addr, GFP_KERNEL); if (!playback_dma_info.virt_addr) { return -ENOMEM; } playback_dma_info.buf_max_size = s3c2440_dma_hardware.buffer_bytes_max; buf->dev.type = SNDRV_DMA_TYPE_DEV; buf->dev.dev = pcm->card->dev; buf->private_data = NULL; buf->area = (unsigned char *)playback_dma_info.virt_addr; //这句话是后来调试时,才发现需要加的 buf->bytes = playback_dma_info.buf_max_size; buf->addr = playback_dma_info.phy_addr; } return ret; //为了简化,先去掉录音功能 }
3.2 实现s3c2440_dma_platform.ops.open(即s3c2440_dma_open)
(参考 sound\soc\samsung\dma.c 的 dma_open)
static const struct snd_pcm_hardware s3c2440_dma_hardware = { .info = SNDRV_PCM_INFO_INTERLEAVED | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_BLOCK_TRANSFER | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_MMAP_VALID | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_PAUSE | SNDRV_PCM_INFO_RESUME, .formats = SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S16_LE | SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_U16_LE | SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_U8 | SNDRV_PCM_FMTBIT_S8, .channels_min = 2, .channels_max = 2, .buffer_bytes_max = 128*1024, //在s3c2440_dma_new里被用于指定dma_alloc_writecombine的size参数 .period_bytes_min = PAGE_SIZE, .period_bytes_max = PAGE_SIZE*2, .periods_min = 2, .periods_max = 128, .fifo_size = 32, }; //目前只支持播放 static int s3c2440_dma_open(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream) { struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime; int ret; /* 设置属性 */ snd_pcm_hw_constraint_integer(runtime, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIODS); //约束:periods必须是整数 snd_soc_set_runtime_hwparams(substream, &s3c2440_dma_hardware);
/*
snd_soc_set_runtime_hwparams的作用: 把s3c2440_dma_hardware的各个属性赋给substream->runtime->hw,
后续在snd_pcm_open_file==>snd_pcm_open_substream==>snd_pcm_hw_constraints_complete==>
snd_pcm_hw_constraint_minmax里会调用诸如snd_pcm_hw_constraint_minmax(runtime,
SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_CHANNELS, hw->channels_min, hw->channels_max);
*/
/* 注册中断 */
ret = request_irq(IRQ_DMA2, s3c2440_dma2_irq, IRQF_DISABLED, "myalsa for playback", substream);
if (ret)
{
printk("request_irq error!\n");
return -EIO;
}
return 0;
}
static int s3c2440_dma_close(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream)
{
free_irq(IRQ_DMA2, substream);
return 0;
}
3.3 实现s3c2440_dma_platform.ops. hw_params(即s3c2440_dma_hw_params)
(参考 sound\soc\samsung\dma.c 的 dma_hw_params)
static int s3c2440_dma_hw_params(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, struct snd_pcm_hw_params *params) { struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime; unsigned long totbytes = params_buffer_bytes(params); /* 根据params设置DMA */ /* 关于snd_pcm_set_runtime_buffer的作用,可看上文s3c2440_dma_new 关于snd_dma_buffer的注释*/ snd_pcm_set_runtime_buffer(substream, &substream->dma_buffer); /*
s3c2440_dma_new分配了很大的DMA BUFFER,而dma_bytes表明app决定使用多大
runtime->dma_bytes被snd_pcm_lib_readv_transfer和snd_pcm_lib_writev_transfer用来和App之间传输数据 */ runtime->dma_bytes = totbytes; playback_dma_info.buffer_size = totbytes; playback_dma_info.period_size = params_period_bytes(params); //记录了app在每个period里传输的数据大小(单位:byte),一个period里包含多个frame return 0; }
3.4 实现s3c2440_dma_prepare
(参考 sound\soc\samsung\dma.c 的 dma_prepare)
static int s3c2440_dma_prepare(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream) { /* 准备DMA传输 */ /* 复位各种状态信息 */ playback_dma_info.dma_ofs = 0; playback_dma_info.be_running = 0; /* 加载第1个period */ load_dma_period(); //仿照裸板程序的dma_init() return 0; }
3.5 实现s3c2440_dma_trigger
(参考 sound\soc\samsung\dma.c 的 dma_trigger)
static int s3c2440_dma_trigger(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream, int cmd) { int ret = 0; /* 根据cmd启动或停止DMA传输 */ switch (cmd) { case SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_START: case SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_RESUME: case SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_PAUSE_RELEASE: /* 启动DMA传输 */ playback_dma_info.be_running = 1; s3c2440_dma_start(); break; case SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_STOP: case SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_SUSPEND: case SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_PAUSE_PUSH: /* 停止DMA传输 */ playback_dma_info.be_running = 0; s3c2440_dma_stop(); break; default: ret = -EINVAL; break; } return ret; }
3.6 实现s3c2440_dma2_irq
(参考 sound\soc\samsung\dma.c 的 audio_buffdone)
static irqreturn_t s3c2440_dma2_irq(int irq, void *devid) { struct snd_pcm_substream *substream = devid; /* 更新状态信息 */ playback_dma_info.dma_ofs += playback_dma_info.period_size; if (playback_dma_info.dma_ofs >= playback_dma_info.buffer_size) // buffer_size来自于params_buffer_bytes(params),即App需要使用的缓冲区大小 playback_dma_info.dma_ofs = 0; //如果当前DMA缓冲区中已传输的位置,超出了playback_dma_info.buffer_size,那么回零 /* 更新hw_ptr等信息, * 并且判断:如果buffer里没有数据了,则调用trigger来停止DMA */ snd_pcm_period_elapsed(substream); /* snd_pcm_period_elapsed为了查询当前已传输的DMA数据在ring_buffer中的位置,会调用snd_pcm_update_hw_ptr0==>substream->ops->pointer(即soc_pcm_pointer) ==> platform->driver->ops->pointer 所以我们必须提供这个函数(见下文s3c2440_dma_pointer) */ if (playback_dma_info.be_running) { /* 如果还有数据 * 1. 加载下一个period * 2. 再次启动DMA传输 */ load_dma_period(); s3c2440_dma_start(); } }
3.7 实现s3c2440_dma_pointer
(参考 sound\soc\samsung\dma.c 的 dma_pointer)
static snd_pcm_uframes_t s3c2440_dma_pointer(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream) { unsigned long res; res = playback_dma_info.dma_ofs; //注:从上文s3c2440_dma2_irq可以看出,playback_dma_info.dma_ofs是以playback_dma_info.buffer_size(即App需要使用的缓冲区大小)为边界的 /* we seem to be getting the odd error from the pcm library due * to out-of-bounds pointers. this is maybe due to the dma engine * not having loaded the new values for the channel before being * called... (todo - fix ) */ if (res >= snd_pcm_lib_buffer_bytes(substream)) { if (res == snd_pcm_lib_buffer_bytes(substream)) res = 0; } //snd_pcm_update_hw_ptr0需要我们返回以frame为单位的当前DMA缓冲区中已传输的位置 return bytes_to_frames(substream->runtime, res); }
四、总结
1. 驱动分配DMA缓冲区
soc_probe
snd_soc_register_card
snd_soc_instantiate_cards
snd_soc_instantiate_card
soc_probe_dai_link
soc_new_pcm
s3c2440_dma_platform. pcm_new (即s3c2440_dma_new)
2. app调open,最终调用到s3c2440_dma_open
snd_soc_set_runtime_hwparams(substream, &s3c2440_dma_hardware); //设置属性
request_irq 注册中断
3. app 调用ioctl(SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_HW_PARAMS),最终调用s3c2440_dma_hw_params
根据params设置DMA
4. app调ioctl(SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_PREPARE),最终调用s3c2440_dma_prepare
/* 复位各种状态信息 */
/* 加载第1个period */
load_dma_period();
5. app调用ioctl(SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_WRITEI_FRAMES)
把数据传到DMA缓冲区,
启动传输,最终调用s3c2440_dma_trigger(SNDRV_PCM_TRIGGER_START)启动DMA传输
6. 传输完一个period后,会触发中断,进入s3c2440_dma2_irq
/* 更新hw_ptr等信息,
* 并且判断:如果buffer里没有数据了,则调用trigger来停止DMA
* 如果还有数据,则:
* 1. 加载下一个period
* 2. 再次启动DMA传输
*/
五、参考资料
1. 韦东山 嵌入式Linux视频教程_3期项目实战之ALSA声卡:第2课第1.1_17节_ALSA声卡10_从零编写之数据传输
2. DroidPhone 《Linux ALSA 声卡驱动》
3. 李兰溪 S3C24XX DMA框架源码分析