[学习笔记] 跨文化交际

目录

• Chapter One - Culture and Cultural Values
  • Words
  • Class
  • T/F
• Chapter Two - Communication and Intercultural Communication
  • Words
  • Class
  • T/F
• Chapter Three - Daily Verbal Intercultural Communication
  • Words
  • Class
  • T/F
• Chapter Four - Non-Verbal Intercultural Communication
  • Words
  • Class
  • T/F
• Chapter Five - Interpersonal Relationships
  • Words
  • Class
  • T/F
• Chapter Six - Naming and Ways of Addressing
  • Words
  • Class
  • T/F
• Chapter Seven - Cultural Connotations of Language in Intercultural Communication
  • Words
  • Class
  • T/F

Chapter One - Culture and Cultural Values

Words#

• conclusive：决定性的，确凿的。

• intimate [ˈɪntɪmət]：亲密的；暗示。

• interpret：解释。

• entity：实体。

• tangible：有形的，实际的。

• explicit：清楚明白的，显性的。

• criterion [kraɪˈtɪriən]：标准，尺度。

• collective：集体的，共有的。

• extensive：广阔的，广泛的。

• perceive：感知，理解。

• hereditary [həˈredɪˌteri]：遗传的。

• mechanism [ˈmekəˌnɪzəm]：机制。

• acculturation：文化适应。

• be subject to：服从。

• alteration：变化。

• ethic：道德准则。

• ethnocentrism [ˌeθnoʊ'senˌtrɪzəm]：民族中心主义。

• manifestation：显示。

• identify with：与……产生共鸣。

• confirm：遵守。

• orientation：取向，方向（价值取向：value orientation）。

• substitute：替代。

Class#

• 行动取向（activity orientation）

  • being-oriented culture：人们对自己现状很满意。
  • being-in-coming orientation：相较于物质生活更倾向于精神生活。佛教。
  • doing orientation：尽力 be more active，do more。

• 关系取向（relational orientation）

  hierarchy（等级制度），group，individual。

• culture shock

  Experience the feeling of confusion and disorientation facing with the large number of new and unfamiliar people and situations in another country.

• cultural integration：文化融合。比如长安 in the Tang Dynasty

T/F#

• （❎）Culture is a static entity while communication is a dynamic process.

  文化是一个静态的实体，而沟通是一个动态的过程。不是静态的。

• （☑️）A culture is but(不过是) one link in the whole chain of generations, some of which have become history and some of which are in transitions.

• （❎）The duration of your culture shock and degree of your intercultural adaptation will largely depend on your own personality. 是依靠在 your ability to manage it

Chapter Two - Communication and Intercultural Communication

Words#

• ethnic：民族的。
• permeate：渗透。
• derive：起源。
• emanate [ˈeməneɪt]：产生。emanate from his culture
• instrumental：起重要作用的。
• competence：能力。
• belittle：贬低。

Class#

• verbal communication 包含 spoken/written words。在另一种分类，包含 speaking，hearing，writing，reading。
• Communication is culture, and culture is communication.
• Communication can be defined as a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.
• 西方文化更重视传递信息，东方文化更重视通过交流维护关系。
• 三个影响交流的重要因素：
  individual personality，the culture we operate，the physical environment that surrounds us

T/F#

• （❌）The way that an archaeologist 考古学家 is deciphering 辨认 a mysterious sign on the recently unearthed 出土 pot cannot be regarded as a form of communication.
• （❌）Whether a communication is successful or not depends greatly on the competence of an individual.
  competence 是能力的意思，但是这个地方应该填 circumstances
• （❌）Communication permits us to express our thoughts and feelings to others, but cannot satisfy our emotional and material needs.
  可以满足。
• （❌）Intercultural communication as a discipline first started in Europe. 跨文化交际首次被当作知识领域是在欧洲，首次是在美国。
• （❌）Intercultural communication is as old as history and as a discipline it has a very long history. 跨文化交际历史悠久，但是 作为知识领域的历史很短。
• （❌）One of the strategies for improving intercultural communication competence is to develop ethnocentrism. 种族中心主义。

Chapter Three - Daily Verbal Intercultural Communication

Words#

• conventional：传统的，遵从习俗的。
• unequivocal[ˌʌnɪˈkwɪvəkl]：明确的。
• self-effacing：谦逊的。

Class#

• greeting 的作用是 establish/maintain social contact，而不是交换信息。
• 中西展现 hospitality 的区别：
  • 吃多少：西方期望刚好提供客人能够吃的量，中国希望相对于能够吃的量提供更多。
  • 在哪里吃：西方在家里，中国在外面吃。
  • 吃啥：西方（appetizer, main dish, dessert），重视 equality，中国八菜一汤。
• 告别的时候，西方通常会寒暄推拉一段时间，而中国倾向于突然地站起来然后离开。
• 在中国，握手 是 标准 greeting，通常握手比较轻。最常用是 a nod or a light bow
• 西方，亲吻和拥抱比较热门，握手是比较正式的方法。

T/F#

• （❌）"Thanks for your coming!" is a typical expression used by Western hosts when the guests just arrived.
• （❌）"I'm sorry to have wasted your time" is usually appropriate for the business visit.
• （☑️）The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same.
• （☑️）As known in Western culture, people are expected to give an unequivocal reply after receiving an invitation. 明确的回复
• （❌）The cultural assumption of compliments is the same between cultures.
• （❌）Americans tend to be self-effacing in their compliment responses. 谦逊的
• （☑️）Many Chinese often regard the frequent use of "Thank you" and "Please" by Westerners as unnecessary and even tiresome.

Chapter Four - Non-Verbal Intercultural Communication

Words#

• complement：补充。
• substitute：替代。
• concurrence：赞同。
• causal：随便的，休闲的。
• intonation：声调，语调。
• manipulate：操作，使用。
• obedience [əˈbiːdiəns]：服从，遵从。
• readily [ˈredɪli]：轻而易举地。
• insult：侮辱，冒犯。
• obscene：淫秽的，暴力的。
• He did not in the least expect the Manager to take it negatively. 丝毫没有

Class#

• 在面对面交流时，30% 的信息通过说话，70% 的信息通过 non-verbal 传递。
• 并不是在所有国家中点头都表示赞同，在科威特这代表反对。
• Posture communicates as a matter of how people sit, talk, stand and move.
• Paralanguage involves the vocal elements of speech; how something is said, not the actual meaning of the spoken words.
• 美国人认为演讲中不能存在 silence，而这是日本人引以为傲的 virtue。
• 美国人倾向于 future-oriented.
• 两个时间系统（time systems）：
  • Monochronic Time（单一时间模式）：It features one event at a time. 北美，西北部欧洲。
  • Polychronic Time（多重时间模式）：They schedule several activities at the same time, and time for them is more flexible and more human-centered. 拉丁美洲，非洲，阿拉伯国家，亚洲。
• 四种空间距离：
  • intimate distance：in private situations, very close relationship
  • personal distance：朋友，同事和一些家庭成员。Most of our everyday communication situations take place within this range.
  • social distance：It is generally used for social gatherings and impersonal business.
  • public distance：基本是完全陌生的人。如电影院，剧院。
• 在更冷天气中，人们的社交距离倾向于更远；在热的天气中则更短。
• 美国人倾向于和对面的人交流，而中国人倾向于和附近的人交流。

T/F#

• （❌）In American culture, people who are sitting have the right to take charge of others.

  错误，这实际上是在 中国文化。

• （☑️）在英语语言国家中的人转动戒指代表着紧张。

• （❌）Verbal communication spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness in the communication.

  spontaneously [spɒnˈteɪniəsli]：自发地。

Chapter Five - Interpersonal Relationships

Words#

• feminine [ˈfemənɪn]：女性的。
• masculine [ˈmæskjəlɪn]：男性的。
• synonymous [sɪˈnɒnɪməs]：同义的。
• coherent [kəʊˈhɪərənt]：有条理的，易于理解的。
• self-reliant：自力更生的。
• rival：竞争对手。
• individualism [ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəlɪzəm]：个人主义。
• collectivism [kəˈlektɪvɪzəm]：集体主义。
• connotation [ˌkɒnəˈteɪʃ(ə)n]：内涵。

Class#

• sex 与 gender 之别：
  • Sex is determined by genetic codes that program biological features.
  • Gender is a social creation, not an individual characteristic.
• high context & low context：
  • high context（高情境文化，collectivism）：强调沟通中的环境、语境等非言语因素。依赖隐喻和暗示。如中国、日本。
  • low context（低语境文化，individualism）：注重直接词语表达。如美国、德国。
• 在日常生活中中国人通常是含蓄有礼貌的（相较于美国人较 indirect），但在好朋友的关系中恰恰相反，中国人较美国人更 direct。

T/F#

• （❌）Sex and gender are synonymous.

• （❌）For individualists, equality is more important than personal freedom.

  对于 individualists，personal freedom 更重要。

• （☑️）The first and last principle for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgement.

• （❌）Collectivist communication can be described as low context.

  事实上是 high context。

• （☑️）Family is the primary caretaker of a culture's core values and worldview and transmit them to new members of the culture.

• （☑️）In China, friendship means a strong life-long bond between two people.

• （☑️）In America, friendliness does not necessarily equal to the connotation of friendship.

• （❌）Chinese believe in the principle of "give and take" as a basic criterion of choosing friends.

  中国的准则是出门在外靠朋友，美国才是 give & take

• （❌）American friends give each other much more concrete help and assistance than Chinese friends do.

Chapter Six - Naming and Ways of Addressing

Words#

• surname：姓氏。
• given name：名。
• kinship：亲属关系。
• paternal [pəˈtɜːnl]：父亲的。
• maternal：母亲的。

Class#

• 在英语国家，学生习惯以 given name 称呼教授，这会让教授觉得自己很平易近人。
• 西方称呼：given name 或职位+surname.
• 西方人的 title 看重那个人做了什么，而中国人的 title 看重那个人是谁。
• 中国人姓氏来源于部族，英国人最早只利用 given name，直到 1066 年被罗马攻占之后，人口增长，名不够准确描述某人，姓氏才被广泛利用起来。
• 英语女性的名字通常 end in a vowel（元音），男性名字通常 end in a plosive(consonant)（爆破音，辅音）。

T/F#

• （☑️）Ranks in the armed forces like Captain and General are often used as titles in English.

• （❌）In Chinese there are no differences between paternal and maternal kinship terms.

• （☑️）Don't take offense: getting the form of address "wrong" is rarely intended to be offensive.

  不要生气：称呼的形式发生错误通常不是故意冒犯的。

• （☑️）There's no general term in English for getting the attention of a stranger, or of a person whose name we may not know.

• （❌）Personal names can distinguish one person from others, but cannot represent relationship in societies and cultures.

• （☑️）Nowadays the origins of surnames are often neglected and people pay much attention to the meanings of their given names.

• （❌）In many Chinese offices the use of the first names among colleagues is customary, especially for colleagues who like one another.

  原文是 even for colleagues who dislike one another

Chapter Seven - Cultural Connotations of Language in Intercultural Communication

Words#

• royal：王室的。
• attribute：属性。
• instinctive：本能的，天生的。
• timid：羞怯的，胆小的。
• constitute：组成，构成。
• taboo：禁忌。

Class#

• 在中国，知识分子涵盖高学历人群，而在西方 intellectual 这个定义范围小很多。

• 黄色：

  • 中国：皇帝才用；代表 little/young 如黄毛丫头。
  • 西方：mean and shameless/timid and over cautious

• 绿色：

  • 西方：缺少经验/envy/being young and vigorous

• 蓝色/棕色：

  • 西方：in low spirits

• 特别翻译：

  black tea 红茶

  brown sugar 红糖

  brown bread 黑面包

  purple wine 红酒

  blue film 色情电影

  green-eyed 眼红

• alliteration：头韵。

  rhyme：押韵。

  balanced structure：对偶。

• Live and let live. 待人宽，人亦待己宽。

  A stitch in time saves nine. 小洞不补，大洞吃苦。

  The proof of the pudding is in the eating. 亲身下河知深浅，亲口尝梨知酸甜。

  Diamond cut diamond. 棋逢对手。

  Golden saying. 金玉良言。

  Fat office. 肥缺。

  Drink like a fish. 牛饮。

  Tread upon eggs. 如履薄冰。

  At sixes and sevens. 七横八竖。

  By ones and twos. 三三两两地。

  He had one over the eight after he drank only half bottle of the wine. 他只喝了半瓶酒就有了三分醉意。

  Ten to one he has forgotten it. 十有八九他会忘记。

• 中国人喜欢偶数，而西方人更喜欢奇数。

• 东西方的 7 都有宗教意义。

• 西方用 2/4/6 等倍数的花来吊唁已死之人，他们敬奉 4。但是认为 13 很不吉祥。

• be sent to prison $\to$ be sent to the big houses

T/F#

• （☑️）A term in one language may not have a counterpart(相对应的事物) in another language.

• （☑️）Using euphemism is a very good way to avoid taboos in both Chinese and English cultures.

  Euphemism [ˈjuːfəmɪzəm]：委婉语。

• （☑️）外国人没有 taboos of state/clan：国讳/家讳

• （❌）The differences of colour between China and the Western countries mostly come from historical reasons.

• （☑️）Black markets means exchanging things which the government forbids or doing illegal speculated marketing. It has same connotation in both Chinese and English.

• （☑️）In common English "green" always means fresh or envy, but in economy English "green back" is equal to American dollars.