Elasticsearch结构化搜索与查询
Elasticsearch 的功能之一就是搜索,搜索主要分为两种类型,结构化搜索和全文搜索。结构化搜索是指有关查询那些具有内在结构数据的过程。比如日期、时间和数字都是结构化的:它们有精确的格式,我们可以对这些格式进行逻辑操作。比较常见的操作包括比较数字或时间的范围,或判定两个值的大小。
导入学习数据:
curl -XPOST 'http://hadoop01:9200/school/student/_bulk' -d '
{ "index": { "_id": 1 }}
{ "name" : "liubei", "age" : 20 , "sex": "boy", "birth": "1996-01-02" , "about": "i like diaocan he girl" }
{ "index": { "_id": 2 }}
{ "name" : "guanyu", "age" : 21 , "sex": "boy", "birth": "1995-01-02" , "about": "i like diaocan" }
{ "index": { "_id": 3 }}
{ "name" : "zhangfei", "age" : 18 , "sex": "boy", "birth": "1998-01-02" , "about": "i like trivel" }
{ "index": { "_id": 4 }}
{ "name" : "diaocan", "age" : 20 , "sex": "girl", "birth": "1996-01-02" , "about": "i like trivel and sport" }
{ "index": { "_id": 5 }}
{ "name" : "panjinlian", "age" : 25 , "sex": "girl", "birth": "1991-01-02" , "about": "i like trivel and wusong" }
{ "index": { "_id": 6 }}
{ "name" : "caocao", "age" : 30 , "sex": "boy", "birth": "1988-01-02" , "about": "i like xiaoqiao" }
{ "index": { "_id": 7 }}
{ "name" : "zhaoyun", "age" : 31 , "sex": "boy", "birth": "1997-01-02" , "about": "i like trivel and music" }
{ "index": { "_id": 8 }}
{ "name" : "xiaoqiao", "age" : 18 , "sex": "girl", "birth": "1998-01-02" , "about": "i like caocao" }
{ "index": { "_id": 9 }}
{ "name" : "daqiao", "age" : 20 , "sex": "girl", "birth": "1996-01-02" , "about": "i like trivel and history" }
'
1: 使用match_all做查询
curl -XGET 'hadoop01:9200/school/student/_search?pretty' -d '
{
"query": {
"match_all": {}
}
}'
问题:通过match_all匹配后,会把所有的数据检索出来,但是往往真正的业务需求并非要找全部的数据,而是检索出自己想要的;
并且对于es集群来说,直接检索全部的数据,很容易造成GC现象
所以,我们要学会如何进行高效的检索数据
2:通过关键字段进行查询
查询喜欢旅游的人:
curl -XGET 'hadoop01:9200/school/student/_search?pretty' -d '
{
"query": {
"match": {"about": "trivel"}
}
}'
如果此时想查询喜欢旅游的,并且不能是男孩的,怎么办?
curl -XGET 'hadoop01:9200/school/student/_search?pretty' -d '
{
"query": {
"match": {
"about": "trivel",
"sex": "girl"
}
}
}'
【这种方式是错误的,因为一个match下,不能出现多个字段值[match] query doesn't support multiple fields】,需要使用复合查询
3:bool的复合查询
当出现多个查询语句组合的时候,可以用bool来包含。bool包含:must,must_not或者should, should表示or的意思
例子:查询非男性中喜欢旅行的人
curl -XGET 'hadoop01:9200/school/student/_search?pretty' -d '
{
"query": {
"bool": {
"must": { "match": {"about": "trivel"}},
"must_not": {"match": {"sex": "boy"}}
}
}
}'
bool的复合查询中的should语句:
should表示可有可无的(如果should匹配到了就展示,否则就不展示)
例子:查询喜欢旅行的,如果有男性的则显示,否则不显示
curl -XGET 'hadoop01:9200/school/student/_search?pretty' -d '
{
"query": {
"bool": {
"must": { "match": {"about": "trivel"}},
"should": {"match": {"sex": "boy"}}
}
}
}'
4: term匹配
使用term进行精确匹配(比如数字,日期,布尔值或 not_analyzed的字符串(未经分析的文本数据类型))
语法
{ "term": { "age": 20 }}
{ "term": { "date": "2018-04-01" }}
{ "term": { "sex": “boy” }}
{ "term": { "about": "trivel" }}
例子:查询喜欢旅行的
curl -XGET 'hadoop01:9200/school/student/_search?pretty' -d '
{
"query": {
"bool": {
"must": { "term": {"about": "trivel"}},
"should": {"term": {"sex": "boy"}}
}}
}'
5:使用terms匹配多个值
curl -XGET 'hadoop01:9200/school/student/_search?pretty' -d '
{
"query": {
"bool": {
"must": { "terms": {"about": ["trivel","history"]}}
}
}
}'
term主要是用于精确的过滤比如说:”我爱你”
在match下面匹配可以为包含:我、爱、你、我爱等等的解析器
在term语法下面就精准匹配到:”我爱你”
例子:使用match方式,会匹配包含:and、history、and history
curl -XGET 'hadoop01:9200/school/student/_search?pretty' -d '
{
"query": {
"bool": {
"must": { "match": {"about": "and history"}}
}
}
}'
如果使用term进行精确匹配,那么会精确匹配and history:
curl -XGET 'hadoop01:9200/school/student/_search?pretty' -d '
{
"query": {
"bool": {
"must": { "term": {"about": "and history"}}
}
}
}'
返回结果:
{
"took" : 2,
"timed_out" : false,
"_shards" : {
"total" : 5,
"successful" : 5,
"failed" : 0
},
"hits" : {
"total" : 0,
"max_score" : null,
"hits" : [ ]
}
}
如果直接查询history
curl -XGET 'hadoop01:9200/school/student/_search?pretty' -d '
{
"query": {
"bool": {
"must": { "term": {"about": "history"}}
}
}
}'
会返回结果,这就说明使用term查询,会精确匹配,如果没有这个词项,就匹配不到
6:Range过滤
Range过滤允许我们按照指定的范围查找一些数据:操作范围:gt::大于,gae::大于等于,lt::小于,lte::小于等于
例子:查找出大于20岁,小于等于25岁的学生
curl -XGET 'hadoop01:9200/school/student/_search?pretty' -d '
{
"query": {
"range": {
"age": {"gt":20,"lte":25}
}
}
}
}'
7:exists和 missing过滤
通过exists和missing过滤可以找到文档中是否包含某个字段或者是没有某个字段
例子:查找字段中包含age的文档
curl -XGET 'hadoop01:9200/school/student/_search?pretty' -d '
{
"query": {
"exists": {
"field": "age"
}
}
}
}'
8:bool的多条件过滤
用bool也可以像之前match一样来过滤多行条件:
must :: 多个查询条件的完全匹配,相当于 and 。
must_not :: 多个查询条件的相反匹配,相当于 not 。
should :: 至少有一个查询条件匹配, 相当于 or
例子:过滤出about字段包含trivel并且年龄大于20岁小于30岁的同学
curl -XGET 'hadoop01:9200/school/student/_search?pretty' -d '
{
"query": {
"bool": {
"must": { "term": {"about": "trivel"}},
"must": {"range": {"age": {"gt": 20,"lt":30}}}
}
}
}'
9:查询与过滤条件合并
通常复杂的查询语句,我们也要配合过滤语句来实现缓存,用filter语句就可以来实现
例子:查询出喜欢旅行的,并且年龄是20岁的文档
curl -XGET 'hadoop01:9200/school/student/_search?pretty' -d '
{
"query": {
"bool": {
"must": {"match": {"about": "trivel"}},
"filter": [{"term":{"age": 20}}]
}
}
}'