初级美语 L073：Joe's Restaurant 解析

一、Reading

Joe is learning how to cook. He has to learn because he wants to start a small restaurant. His mother is teaching him. She used to be a chef at a big restaurant. With her help, he ought to have no problem. l'm sure Joe's restaurant is going to be the best restaurant in town.

二、解析

■ Joe is learning how to cook.

  • 时态：现在进行时。
  • 主：Joe
  • 谓：is learning
  • 宾：how to cook.（名词短语，由“疑问词+动词不定式”形成）。
    • 疑问副词：how
    • 不定式：to cook.
      • 虚词：to
      • 谓动：cook.

■ He has to learn because he wants to start a small restaurant.

  • 主：He
  • 谓：has to
  • 宾：learn
  • 原因状从：learn because he wants to start a small restaurant.
    • 引导词：because
    • 主：he
    • 谓：wants
    • 宾：to start a small restaurant.（不定式）
      • 虚词：to
      • 谓动：start
      • 定：a small
      • 宾：restaurant.

■ His mother is teaching him.

  • 时态：现在进行时。
  • 主：His mother
  • 谓：is teaching
  • 宾：him

■ She used to be a chef at a big restaurant.

  • 时态：一般过去时
  • 主：She
  • 系：used to be
  • 表：a chef
  • 地状：at a big restaurant.

used：vi.惯常，向来（恒用过去式）
主语 + used to + 动词原形：以前曾经...

■ With her help, he ought to have no problem.

  • 条状：With her help
  • 主：he
  • 谓：ought to have
  • 宾：no problem.

■ l'm sure Joe's restaurant is going to be the best restaurant in town.

= l'm sure（that）Joe's restaurant is going to be the best restaurant in town.

  • 主：I
  • 系：am
  • 表：sure
  • 状从：Joe's restaurant is going to be the best restaurant in town.（修改之前的形容词 sure）
    • 时态：一般将来时
    • 主：Joe's restaurant
    • 系：is going to be
    • 定：the best
    • 表：restaurant
    • 地状：in town.

be sure + that引导的状语从句：确定...
in town：在城镇中。town 前习惯不加任何冠词（the）、所有格。

注：
that 引导的从句通常是名词从句，做及物动词的宾语，that 可省略。然，that 从句也可以称为“副词从句”。此句被修饰的词为形容词 sure，副词修饰形容词，因此我们不再称为名词从句，在此句故为副词从句。

三、语法

名词短语

Joe is learning how to cook.
（乔正在学习如何烹饪。）

此处 how to cook称做名词短语，由“疑问词+动词不定式”形成。如：

where to go 到哪儿去
when to do it 什么时候做这件事
how to do it 如何做这件事
what to do 做什么
whom to talk to 要跟谁说话
which to buy 要买哪一个

注意：

  • 1）以上这些名词短语中， where、when、how 均为疑问副词，修饰之后的动词不定式。而 what、whom、 which 则为疑问代词，要作动词不定式中及物动词的宾语，如上列名词短语中：what 作 do 之宾语， which 作 buy 的宾语。但疑问代词之后的动词不定式是不及物动词时，则该名词短语之后应有介词，使该疑问代词作该介词之宾语，如"whom to talk to"中， whom 即作介词 to 的宾语。
  • 2）名词短语具有名词的功能，在句中通常作及物动词的宾语。在"Joe is learning how to cook 一句中， how to cook 即作及物动词 learn 的现在进行式 is learning 的宾语。
    He knows how to handle the problem.（名词短语）
    （他懂得如何处理这个问题。）
    I don't know whom to work with. (名词短语)
    （我不知道要跟谁工作）