EDA中级-Kaggle学习3-特征工程2

原文链接：

这里

文章简介

这篇文章相比与“特征工程序章”而言，主要的工作是新研究了2个csv（序章研究了一些，这里有新研究的2个并且将特征合并到一个csv里面了）。
此外本文还重新提出了一些概念和想法：

automated feature engineering自动化提取新特征
在feature engineering的过程（设想新feature的过程中）有多少新的就加多少新的，因为之后在feature selection过程中和降维pca的过程中会删除很多加的特征。（在原文中的一个特点是aggregate后将Min,max,mean,sum全部加上去了。）

数据处理的基本流程还是

feature engineering 新建特征
feature selection 选择特征，删除特征
feature cleaning 异常值处理和nan处理
baseline ml 测试
查看最相关特征排名 most relevant features

特殊的是文章建议使用3种处理好的csv文件进行ML训练：然后比较结果

control: 在序章处理好的csv
test_one: 在序章处理好的csv+本文的2个csv数据融入
test_two: 在序章处理好的csv+本文的2个csv数据融入+高关联的特征删除（如果两个非target特征有很高的关联性correlated/collined，那么删掉其中一个,原文阈值设在0.8）

与target高关联的人造特征

原文表示：如果我们通过特征工程创造出corr很高的特征，请不要幸喜若狂，因为很有可能这只是noise，在train里面特征很高但是test里面就没有这种情况了。
详细介绍可以看这里

有用的小工具：

合并两个csv: merge API!

类似于sql里面的join，将两个表格按某一列合并起来。

# Join to the training dataframe
train = pd.read_csv('../input/application_train.csv')
train = train.merge(previous_loan_counts, on = 'SK_ID_CURR', how = 'left')

对齐两个dataframe: align

将两个dataframe里面多cols的里面的多的cols删除。
在上次的举例中我们对train和test都进行one-hot-encoding但是由于train里面数据多可能有的categorical value测试集里面没有，那么相对应的cols就会多。

train_labels = app_train['TARGET']

# Align the training and testing data, keep only columns present in both dataframes
app_train, app_test = app_train.align(app_test, join = 'inner', axis = 1)

# Add the target back in
app_train['TARGET'] = train_labels

print('Training Features shape: ', app_train.shape)
print('Testing Features shape: ', app_test.shape)

集成kdeplot作为function

# Plots the disribution of a variable colored by value of the target
def kde_target(var_name, df):
    
    # Calculate the correlation coefficient between the new variable and the target
    corr = df['TARGET'].corr(df[var_name])
    
    # Calculate medians for repaid vs not repaid
    avg_repaid = df.ix[df['TARGET'] == 0, var_name].median() #这里ix和loc都是一样的
    avg_not_repaid = df.ix[df['TARGET'] == 1, var_name].median()
    
    plt.figure(figsize = (12, 6))
    
    # Plot the distribution for target == 0 and target == 1
    sns.kdeplot(df.ix[df['TARGET'] == 0, var_name], label = 'TARGET == 0')
    sns.kdeplot(df.ix[df['TARGET'] == 1, var_name], label = 'TARGET == 1')
    
    # label the plot
    plt.xlabel(var_name); plt.ylabel('Density'); plt.title('%s Distribution' % var_name)
    plt.legend();
    
    # print out the correlation
    print('The correlation between %s and the TARGET is %0.4f' % (var_name, corr))
    # Print out average values
    print('Median value for loan that was not repaid = %0.4f' % avg_not_repaid)
    print('Median value for loan that was repaid =     %0.4f' % avg_repaid)

聚合特征然后拆分index

我们aggregate mean/sum/min/max（这会是多层index）然后我们展开index

先聚合

# Group by the client id, calculate aggregation statistics
bureau_agg = bureau.drop(columns = ['SK_ID_BUREAU']).groupby('SK_ID_CURR', as_index = False).agg(['count', 'mean', 'max', 'min', 'sum']).reset_index()
bureau_agg.head()

获得的结果大致为

SK_ID_CURR	DAYS_CREDIT
                count	      mean	max	min	sum
100001	        7	-735.000000	-49	-1572	-5145

拆分multiindex为单一index，这里简单的unstack没有用
原文的操作：重新建立一个一维columns的数组然后赋值给bureau_agg.columns（可能pandas内部给每一列就本身有个index顺序，所有简单这样赋值就好了）

# List of column names
columns = ['SK_ID_CURR']

# Iterate through the variables names
for var in bureau_agg.columns.levels[0]:
    # Skip the id name
    if var != 'SK_ID_CURR':
        
        # Iterate through the stat names
        for stat in bureau_agg.columns.levels[1][:-1]:
            # Make a new column name for the variable and stat
            columns.append('bureau_%s_%s' % (var, stat))

# Assign the list of columns names as the dataframe column names
bureau_agg.columns = columns
bureau_agg.head()

结果

SK_ID_CURR	bureau_DAYS_CREDIT_count	bureau_DAYS_CREDIT_mean	bureau_DAYS_CREDIT_max	bureau_DAYS_CREDIT_min
100001	            7	                        -735.000000	            -49	                  -1572

单一特征和target的corr值排列（或者直接heatmap）

# Function to calculate correlations with the target for a dataframe
def target_corrs(df):

    # List of correlations
    corrs = []

    # Iterate through the columns 
    for col in df.columns:
        print(col)
        # Skip the target column
        if col != 'TARGET':
            # Calculate correlation with the target
            corr = df['TARGET'].corr(df[col])

            # Append the list as a tuple
            corrs.append((col, corr))
            
    # Sort by absolute magnitude of correlations
    corrs = sorted(corrs, key = lambda x: abs(x[1]), reverse = True)
    
    return corrs

删除object释放内存手动

# Free up memory by deleting old objects
import gc
gc.enable()
del train, bureau, bureau_balance, bureau_agg, bureau_agg_new, bureau_balance_agg, bureau_balance_counts, bureau_by_loan, bureau_balance_by_client, bureau_counts
gc.collect()

缺省值汇总

def missing_values_table(df):
        # Total missing values
        mis_val = df.isnull().sum()
        
        # Percentage of missing values
        mis_val_percent = 100 * df.isnull().sum() / len(df)
        
        # Make a table with the results
        mis_val_table = pd.concat([mis_val, mis_val_percent], axis=1)
        
        # Rename the columns
        mis_val_table_ren_columns = mis_val_table.rename(
        columns = {0 : 'Missing Values', 1 : '% of Total Values'})
        
        # Sort the table by percentage of missing descending
        mis_val_table_ren_columns = mis_val_table_ren_columns[
            mis_val_table_ren_columns.iloc[:,1] != 0].sort_values(
        '% of Total Values', ascending=False).round(1)
        
        # Print some summary information
        print ("Your selected dataframe has " + str(df.shape[1]) + " columns.\n"      
            "There are " + str(mis_val_table_ren_columns.shape[0]) +
              " columns that have missing values.")
        
        # Return the dataframe with missing information
        return mis_val_table_ren_columns

原文的训练结构（TODO）

def model(features, test_features, encoding = 'ohe', n_folds = 5):
    
    """Train and test a light gradient boosting model using
    cross validation. 
    
    Parameters
    --------
        features (pd.DataFrame): 
            dataframe of training features to use 
            for training a model. Must include the TARGET column.
        test_features (pd.DataFrame): 
            dataframe of testing features to use
            for making predictions with the model. 
        encoding (str, default = 'ohe'): 
            method for encoding categorical variables. Either 'ohe' for one-hot encoding or 'le' for integer label encoding
            n_folds (int, default = 5): number of folds to use for cross validation
        
    Return
    --------
        submission (pd.DataFrame): 
            dataframe with `SK_ID_CURR` and `TARGET` probabilities
            predicted by the model.
        feature_importances (pd.DataFrame): 
            dataframe with the feature importances from the model.
        valid_metrics (pd.DataFrame): 
            dataframe with training and validation metrics (ROC AUC) for each fold and overall.
        
    """
    
    # Extract the ids
    train_ids = features['SK_ID_CURR']
    test_ids = test_features['SK_ID_CURR']
    
    # Extract the labels for training
    labels = features['TARGET']
    
    # Remove the ids and target
    features = features.drop(columns = ['SK_ID_CURR', 'TARGET'])
    test_features = test_features.drop(columns = ['SK_ID_CURR'])
    
    
    # One Hot Encoding
    if encoding == 'ohe':
        features = pd.get_dummies(features)
        test_features = pd.get_dummies(test_features)
        
        # Align the dataframes by the columns
        features, test_features = features.align(test_features, join = 'inner', axis = 1)
        
        # No categorical indices to record
        cat_indices = 'auto'
    
    # Integer label encoding
    elif encoding == 'le':
        
        # Create a label encoder
        label_encoder = LabelEncoder()
        
        # List for storing categorical indices
        cat_indices = []
        
        # Iterate through each column
        for i, col in enumerate(features):
            if features[col].dtype == 'object':
                # Map the categorical features to integers
                features[col] = label_encoder.fit_transform(np.array(features[col].astype(str)).reshape((-1,)))
                test_features[col] = label_encoder.transform(np.array(test_features[col].astype(str)).reshape((-1,)))

                # Record the categorical indices
                cat_indices.append(i)
    
    # Catch error if label encoding scheme is not valid
    else:
        raise ValueError("Encoding must be either 'ohe' or 'le'")
        
    print('Training Data Shape: ', features.shape)
    print('Testing Data Shape: ', test_features.shape)
    
    # Extract feature names
    feature_names = list(features.columns)
    
    # Convert to np arrays
    features = np.array(features)
    test_features = np.array(test_features)
    
    # Create the kfold object
    k_fold = KFold(n_splits = n_folds, shuffle = False, random_state = 50)
    
    # Empty array for feature importances
    feature_importance_values = np.zeros(len(feature_names))
    
    # Empty array for test predictions
    test_predictions = np.zeros(test_features.shape[0])
    
    # Empty array for out of fold validation predictions
    out_of_fold = np.zeros(features.shape[0])
    
    # Lists for recording validation and training scores
    valid_scores = []
    train_scores = []
    
    # Iterate through each fold
    for train_indices, valid_indices in k_fold.split(features):
        
        # Training data for the fold
        train_features, train_labels = features[train_indices], labels[train_indices]
        # Validation data for the fold
        valid_features, valid_labels = features[valid_indices], labels[valid_indices]
        
        # Create the model
        model = lgb.LGBMClassifier(n_estimators=10000, objective = 'binary', 
                                   class_weight = 'balanced', learning_rate = 0.05, 
                                   reg_alpha = 0.1, reg_lambda = 0.1, 
                                   subsample = 0.8, n_jobs = -1, random_state = 50)
        
        # Train the model
        model.fit(train_features, train_labels, eval_metric = 'auc',
                  eval_set = [(valid_features, valid_labels), (train_features, train_labels)],
                  eval_names = ['valid', 'train'], categorical_feature = cat_indices,
                  early_stopping_rounds = 100, verbose = 200)
        
        # Record the best iteration
        best_iteration = model.best_iteration_
        
        # Record the feature importances
        feature_importance_values += model.feature_importances_ / k_fold.n_splits
        
        # Make predictions
        test_predictions += model.predict_proba(test_features, num_iteration = best_iteration)[:, 1] / k_fold.n_splits
        
        # Record the out of fold predictions
        out_of_fold[valid_indices] = model.predict_proba(valid_features, num_iteration = best_iteration)[:, 1]
        
        # Record the best score
        valid_score = model.best_score_['valid']['auc']
        train_score = model.best_score_['train']['auc']
        
        valid_scores.append(valid_score)
        train_scores.append(train_score)
        
        # Clean up memory
        gc.enable()
        del model, train_features, valid_features
        gc.collect()
        
    # Make the submission dataframe
    submission = pd.DataFrame({'SK_ID_CURR': test_ids, 'TARGET': test_predictions})
    
    # Make the feature importance dataframe
    feature_importances = pd.DataFrame({'feature': feature_names, 'importance': feature_importance_values})
    
    # Overall validation score
    valid_auc = roc_auc_score(labels, out_of_fold)
    
    # Add the overall scores to the metrics
    valid_scores.append(valid_auc)
    train_scores.append(np.mean(train_scores))
    
    # Needed for creating dataframe of validation scores
    fold_names = list(range(n_folds))
    fold_names.append('overall')
    
    # Dataframe of validation scores
    metrics = pd.DataFrame({'fold': fold_names,
                            'train': train_scores,
                            'valid': valid_scores}) 
    
    return submission, feature_importances, metrics

发表于 2021-02-04 00:47 niemand-01 阅读(184) 评论(0) 编辑收藏举报