定语和定语从句

定语和定语从句

目录

一、什么是定语

  1. 什么是定语：定语就是修饰名词（短语）的成分。
  2. 注：中文中听到“xxx的+名词（短语）”，则“xxx的”就是修饰这个名词（短语）的定语成分。

二、定语的成分

2.1 形容词（短语）作定语

  1. 1：那只善良的夜莺最后死了：That kind nightingale died at last.
  2. 2：这朵非凡的玫瑰花变成了深红色：The extraordinary rose turns dark red.

2.2 名词（短语）作定语【名词（短语）形容化】

  1. 3：夜莺的歌声能使这朵玫瑰花开放：The nightingale's singing can make the rose bloom. / The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.
  2. 4：学生爱上了教授的女儿：The student falls in love with the professor's daughter. / The student falls in love with the daughter of the professor.
  3. 注：英文中更倾向于写成of结构。

2.3 介词短语作定语

  1. 5：窗外的夜莺听到了年轻人的感叹：The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the young man.
  2. 6：我只有和大海的飞沫一样白的玫瑰花：I only have roses as white as the foam in the sea.

2.4 分词、不定式（非谓语）作定语

  1. 7：唱歌的夜莺最终因爱死了：In the end, the singing nightingale died because of love.
  2. 8：单出的夜莺一定是爱上了那个被女孩欺骗的学生：The innocent nightingale must love the student deceived by the girl.

2.5 从句作定语

  1. 9：夜莺用生命换来的玫瑰花并没有帮助到那个学生：The rose which the nightingale exchanged with her life failed to help the student.

三、定语的位置

  1. 定语的位置遵循前小后大原则，即当一个单词修饰名词（短语）时通常放在名词（短语）前面，反之放在后面。

  2. 注：当使用过去分词作定语，即使是一个单词通常也放在名词（短语）后

    1. 10：他是一个被抛弃的男人：He is a man abandoned.

四、定语从句

4.1 构成

  1. 先行词【名词（短语）】+ 引导词 + 分句

4.2 引导词

  1. 定语从句的引导词按照先行词的种类，一共分为五类：

    1. 先行词是人时：who、whom、which；

11：她是喜欢我的女人：She is the woman who loves me.
12：她是我喜欢的女人：She is the woman whom I love.
13：Nick是个爸爸很富有的男人（做梦中）：Nick is dreaming the man whose father is wealthy.
5. 先行词是物时：that、which、whose；
6. 先行词是时间时：that、which、when；

14：我将绝不会忘记我遇到你的那一天：I will never forget the day when I met you.
15：我将绝不会忘记我们一起度过的那些天：I will never forget the day that we spent.
9. 先行词是地点时：that、which、where；
10. 先行词是原因时：that、which、why。

16：你最好不要对你为什么迟到的理由：You had better have no reason why you are late.
17：你最好不要有为什么听起来很完美的理由：You had better have no reason that sounds perfect.
2. 定语从句的引导词按照词性分类，一共分为三大类：

1. 代词（充当主语或宾语）：who、whom（仅宾语）、that、which

18：我们应该尊重那些坚持梦想的穷孩子：We should respect those poor children who stick to their dreams.
19：女孩还是喜欢王子送给她的宝珠：The girl prefers the jewelry which the prince sent to her.
20：阻止你实现梦想的东西只有一个，那就是害怕失败：There is only one thing that will make your dream impossible: the fear of failure.
5. 副词（不充当成分）：where、when、why；

21：那个老妇人在她儿子到达的那天去世了：The old lady died on that day when her son arrived.
7. 形容词【定语，修饰名词（短语）】：whose

22：我喜欢屋顶是原形的建筑物：I love buildings whose roofs are round.

五、定语从句的特殊用法

5.1 that在定语从句中充当宾语，可以省略

  1. 如果两个名词（短语）直接房子一起，很有可能省略了that

    1. 23：我喜欢Nick指导的电影：I enjoy the movie Nick directed.

5.2 限制和非限制性定语从句

  1. 如果先行词是物，非限制性定语从句只能用which

    1. 24：我爱英俊的Nick老师（你喜欢的是我的英俊）：I love teacher Nick who is beautiful.
    2. 25：我爱Nick老师，他很英俊（你喜欢我）：I love teacher Nick, who is beautiful.
    3. 26：我喜欢圆的西瓜（方西瓜给你你就不喜欢了）：I love watermelons that/which are round.
    4. 27：我喜欢西瓜，可以是圆的（方西瓜你就不喜欢了）：I love watermelons, which are round.

  2. 注：非限制性定语从句，类似于插入语，不翻译不影响句子意思的表达。

5.3 先行词和引导词中间有介词

  1. 当先行词和引导词中有介词，人只能用whom；如果不是人，先行词只能用which：

    1. 28：他是我们应该学习的榜样：He is one who/whom we should learn from.
    2. 29：我们应该从他那里学习：He is one from whom we should learn.

5.4 the same xxx as 和 the same xxx that

  1. the same xxx as 表示像；the same xxx that表示就是：

    1. 30：他就像我爱的那个男人：He is the same man as I love.
    2. 31：他就是我爱的那个男人：He is the same man that I love.

5.5 which和as的区别

  1. which和as都可以作为引导修饰整个句子的定语从句，但是which只能放在句子后；as可以放在句首，也可以放在句末：

    1. 32：她是一个好老师，这是众人皆知的：She is a good teacher, which is known to us all. / As is known to us all, she is good teacher.

六、区别定语从句和同位语从句

33：我做了一个很美的梦（定语从句）：I had a dream that is definitely sweet.

34：我做了一个有一天我变成了有钱人的梦（同位语从句）：I had a dream that I will become a rich lady someday.

  1. 定语从句的that需要充当成分；同位语从句的that不充当成分；
  2. 定语从句是对前面名词的修饰；同位语从句是对前面名词的解释；
  3. 定语从句的先行词可以是任何名词；同位语从句的先行词只能是可以解释的名词（抽象名词）；
  4. 定语从句的先行词有很多；同位语从句的先行词大多是that（因为同位语从句大都是陈述句）。

七、定语从句的至难点

  1. 引导词前面的不一定是先行词，并且没有方法可以直接找到先行词，只能读懂句子然后分析获得。

    1. 35：对于工人来说，它可能意味着作为一个忠实员工的安全、利益和责任感的结束：For wokrs it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee.

八、定语和定语从句的考点

8.1 写作

  1. 每当作文中出现名词（短语），都可以添加定语成分拉长句子。

    1. 36：养那些非常可爱的宠物可以缓解老人和小孩独自在家的孤独（养宠物的好处）：Keeping pets which look so cute and lovely can reduce loneliness of some old citizens and children who stay at home alone.
    2. 37：追星看起来是很酷的事情，但是他会浪费年轻人的时间，年轻人应该花更多的时间在学习上（盲目追星的危害）：Pursuing stars looking so handsome or beautiful blindly will waste time of young men who should spend more time and energy on their studies.

  2. 两个形容词中间加个as well as做定语，拉长句子：

    1. 38：养那些非常可爱的宠物可以缓解老人和小孩独自在家的孤独（养宠物的好处）：Raising pets cute as well as lovely can reduce loneliness of some old citizens and children who stay at home alone.

九、课后练兵

  1. 39：外表看起来非常邋遢的他其实内心很高尚：He who looks extremely unrespectable is really noble in nature.
  2. 40：人生最大的精神财富是笑容、优雅、自信，拥有了它们你就拥有了一切：The greatest spiritual wealth in one's life is smile, elegance and self-confidence. If you possess them, you will have it.
  3. 41：《孤儿怨》是我看过最恐怖的一部电影：*Orpham* is the most horrible movie that I have ever seen.
  4. 42：继父经常在假期里带她出国旅游，这让她的朋友们羡慕不已：The stepfather often takes her to travel abroad during the vacation, which/as makes friends envy her.
  5. 43：踢足球是一项培养孩子跟别人合作的团队运动：Playing football keeps a team sport which is used to train children to cooperation with one another.
  6. 44：这个世界上，没有一个人可以让你一直依靠，路需要自己走：In the world, there exists no one who you can count on all the time. So you need to wait your own way alone.
  7. 45：曾经全力以赴去实现梦想的人，即使最终没有成功也不会感到遗憾，这很重要：Those sparing no efforts to realize their dreams will never fell regretful even if they fail finally, which is quite significant.
  8. 46：课堂上不集中精力，希望通过自己的课下努力来通过考试的学生，常常会事半功倍：Those who fail to concentrate in class but hope to pass the examination by their own endeavors after class often find that they just get half the result with twice the effort.
  9. 47：孩子能选择学习的科目越多，家长就越能发现他们感兴趣和擅长的领域：Parents will have a better chance to discover the field which their kids have interest and are good it, if there are more subjects kids can choose.
  10. 48：能澄清我观点的例子有很多，但是下面的这个是最合适的：There exist abundant cases which can be used to clarify my point. Nevertheless, the following one sounds most favorable.

十、背诵单词

foam n.泡沫

十一、背诵句子

  1. 那只善良的夜莺最后死了：That kind nightingale died at last.
  2. 这朵非凡的玫瑰花变成了深红色：The extraordinary rose turns dark red.
  3. 夜莺的歌声能使这朵玫瑰花开放：The nightingale's singing can make the rose bloom. / The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.
  4. 学生爱上了教授的女儿：The student falls in love with the professor's daughter. / The student falls in love with the daughter of the professor.
  5. 窗外的夜莺听到了年轻人的感叹：The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the young man.
  6. 我只有和大海的飞沫一样白的玫瑰花：I only have roses as white as the foam in the sea.
  7. 唱歌的夜莺最终因爱死了：In the end, the singing nightingale died because of love.
  8. 单出的夜莺一定是爱上了那个被女孩欺骗的学生：The innocent nightingale must love the student deceived by the girl.
  9. 夜莺用生命换来的玫瑰花并没有帮助到那个学生：The rose which the nightingale exchanged with her life failed to help the student.
  10. 他是一个被抛弃的男人：He is a man abandoned.
  11. 她是喜欢我的女人：She is the woman who loves me.
  12. 她是我喜欢的女人：She is the woman whom I love.
  13. Nick是个爸爸很富有的男人（做梦中）：Nick is dreaming the man whose father is wealthy.
  14. 我将绝不会忘记我遇到你的那一天：I will never forget the day when I met you.
  15. 我将绝不会忘记我们一起度过的那些天：I will never forget the day that we spent.
  16. 你最好不要对你为什么迟到的理由：You had better have no reason why you are late.
  17. 你最好不要有为什么听起来很完美的理由：You had better have no reason that sounds perfect.
  18. 我们应该尊重那些坚持梦想的穷孩子：We should respect those poor children who stick to their dreams.
  19. 女孩还是喜欢王子送给她的宝珠：The girl prefers the jewelry which the prince sent to her.
  20. 阻止你实现梦想的东西只有一个，那就是害怕失败：There is only one thing that will make your dream impossible: the fear of failure.
  21. 那个老妇人在她儿子到达的那天去世了：The old lady died on that day when her son arrived.
  22. 我喜欢屋顶是原形的建筑物：I love buildings whose roofs are round.
  23. 我喜欢Nick指导的电影：I enjoy the movie Nick directed.
  24. 我爱英俊的Nick老师（你喜欢的是我的英俊）：I love teacher Nick who is beautiful.
  25. 我爱Nick老师，他很英俊（你喜欢我）：I love teacher Nick, who is beautiful.
  26. 我喜欢圆的西瓜（方西瓜给你你就不喜欢了）：I love watermelons that/which are round.
  27. 我喜欢西瓜，可以是圆的（方西瓜你就不喜欢了）：I love watermelons, which are round.
  28. 他是我们应该学习的榜样：He is one who/whom we should learn from.
  29. 我们应该从他那里学习：He is one from whom we should learn.
  30. 他就像我爱的那个男人：He is the same man as I love.
  31. 他就是我爱的那个男人：He is the same man that I love.
  32. 她是一个好老师，这是众人皆知的：She is a good teacher, which is known to us all. / As is known to us all, she is good teacher.
  33. 我做了一个很美的梦（定语从句）：I had a dream that is definitely sweet.
  34. 我做了一个有一天我变成了有钱人的梦（同位语从句）：I had a dream that I will become a rich lady someday.
  35. 对于工人来说，它可能意味着作为一个忠实员工的安全、利益和责任感的结束：For wokrs it can mean an end to the security, benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee.
  36. 养那些非常可爱的宠物可以缓解老人和小孩独自在家的孤独（养宠物的好处）：Keeping pets which look so cute and lovely can reduce loneliness of some old citizens and children who stay at home alone.
  37. 追星看起来是很酷的事情，但是他会浪费年轻人的时间，年轻人应该花更多的时间在学习上（盲目追星的危害）：Pursuing stars looking so handsome or beautiful blindly will waste time of young men who should spend more time and energy on their studies.
  38. 养那些非常可爱的宠物可以缓解老人和小孩独自在家的孤独（养宠物的好处）：Raising pets cute as well as lovely can reduce loneliness of some old citizens and children who stay at home alone.
  39. 外表看起来非常邋遢的他其实内心很高尚：He who looks extremely unrespectable is really noble in nature.
  40. 人生最大的精神财富是笑容、优雅、自信，拥有了它们你就拥有了一切：The greatest spiritual wealth in one's life is smile, elegance and self-confidence. If you possess them, you will have it.
  41. 《孤儿怨》是我看过最恐怖的一部电影：*Orpham* is the most horrible movie that I have ever seen.
  42. 继父经常在假期里带她出国旅游，这让她的朋友们羡慕不已：The stepfather often takes her to travel abroad during the vacation, which/as makes friends envy her.
  43. 踢足球是一项培养孩子跟别人合作的团队运动：Playing football keeps a team sport which is used to train children to cooperation with one another.
  44. 这个世界上，没有一个人可以让你一直依靠，路需要自己走：In the world, there exists no one who you can count on all the time. So you need to wait your own way alone.
  45. 曾经全力以赴去实现梦想的人，即使最终没有成功也不会感到遗憾，这很重要：Those sparing no efforts to realize their dreams will never fell regretful even if they fail finally, which is quite significant.
  46. 课堂上不集中精力，希望通过自己的课下努力来通过考试的学生，常常会事半功倍：Those who fail to concentrate in class but hope to pass the examination by their own endeavors after class often find that they just get half the result with twice the effort.
  47. 孩子能选择学习的科目越多，家长就越能发现他们感兴趣和擅长的领域：Parents will have a better chance to discover the field which their kids have interest and are good it, if there are more subjects kids can choose.
  48. 能澄清我观点的例子有很多，但是下面的这个是最合适的：There exist abundant cases which can be used to clarify my point. Nevertheless, the following one sounds most favorable.
posted @ 2019-10-18 16:47  B站-水论文的程序猿  阅读(2671)  评论(0)  编辑  收藏  举报