【Java】聊聊常用的非对称加密算法之一RSA的使用(Java)
参考的优秀文章
简单的介绍
RSA是有名的非对称加密算法。
RSA有两个密钥,一个是公开的,称为公开密钥;一个是私密的,称为私密密钥。
特点:
- 公开密钥是对大众公开的,私密密钥是服务器私有的,两者不能互推得出。
- 用公开密钥对数据进行加密,私密密钥可解密;私密密钥对数据加密,公开密钥可解密。
- 速度较对称加密慢。
RSA是一个支持加密、签名的算法。
加密:
一般来说,我们通过公开密钥对信息加密,然后发送给服务端,服务端再用私密密钥解密,获取保密的信息。(而RSA中通过私密密钥加密,然后通过公开密钥正确地解密获取信息,但这个过程对于加密来说没有意义,因为公开密钥是公开的,也就是说大家都可以解密。所以私密密钥加密、公开密钥解密用于签名功能)
签名:
签名的目的在于证明给大伙看这份信息是本人所发,并且发送过程中没被篡改。
服务端对于将要发送的信息进行摘要操作(比如MD5),然后对其摘要值用私密密钥加密,形成签名值,将发送的信息与签名值发送出去。客户端收到信息和签名值后,用公开密钥将签名值解密,然后将信息进行摘要操作,再比对两者的摘要值,就可知该信息是否服务端所发,发送过程是否有篡改。
疑问与解答
为什么叫RSA呢?
答:看一下它的发明者们的名字就知道了:Ron Rivest、Adi Shamir、Leonard Adleman。
非对称加密算法是什么呢?
答:比如,信息通过公开密钥加密,然后不能通过公开密钥解密,只能通过私密密钥去解密。同样的,信息通过私密密钥加密,只能由公开密钥解密。当然,公开密钥与私密密钥之间无法通过计算互推。
RSA运用在哪里呢?
答:比如HTTPS。
简单的RSA使用演示
import sun.misc.BASE64Decoder; import sun.misc.BASE64Encoder; public class Base64Util { /** * Base64加密 */ public static String encryptBASE64(byte[] key) throws Exception { return (new BASE64Encoder()).encodeBuffer(key); } /** * Base64解密 */ public static byte[] decryptBASE64(String key) throws Exception { return (new BASE64Decoder()).decodeBuffer(key); } }
import java.security.Key; import java.security.KeyFactory; import java.security.KeyPair; import java.security.KeyPairGenerator; import java.security.PrivateKey; import java.security.PublicKey; import java.security.Signature; import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey; import java.security.interfaces.RSAPublicKey; import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec; import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map; import javax.crypto.Cipher; public class RSAUtil { public static final String ENCRYPTION_ALGORITHM = "RSA"; public static final String SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM = "MD5withRSA"; /** * 生成密钥 */ public static Map<String, Object> initKey() throws Exception { /* 初始化密钥生成器 */ KeyPairGenerator keyPairGenerator = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance(ENCRYPTION_ALGORITHM); keyPairGenerator.initialize(1024); /* 生成密钥 */ KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGenerator.generateKeyPair(); RSAPublicKey publicKey = (RSAPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic(); RSAPrivateKey privateKey = (RSAPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate(); Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(2); keyMap.put("PublicKey", publicKey); keyMap.put("PrivateKey", privateKey); return keyMap; } /** * 取得公钥 */ public static String getPublicKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap) throws Exception { Key key = (Key) keyMap.get("PublicKey"); return Base64Util.encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded()); } /** * 取得私钥 */ public static String getPrivateKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap) throws Exception { Key key = (Key) keyMap.get("PrivateKey"); return Base64Util.encryptBASE64(key.getEncoded()); } /** * 加密 */ public static byte[] encrypt(byte[] data, String keyString, boolean isPublic) throws Exception { Map<String, Object> keyAndFactoryMap = RSAUtil.generateKeyAndFactory(keyString, isPublic); KeyFactory keyFactory = RSAUtil.getKeyFactory(keyAndFactoryMap); Key key = RSAUtil.getKey(keyAndFactoryMap); // 对数据加密 Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm()); cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, key); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 解密 */ public static byte[] decrypt(byte[] data, String keyString, boolean isPublic) throws Exception { Map<String, Object> keyAndFactoryMap = RSAUtil.generateKeyAndFactory(keyString, isPublic); KeyFactory keyFactory = RSAUtil.getKeyFactory(keyAndFactoryMap); Key key = RSAUtil.getKey(keyAndFactoryMap); // 对数据加密 Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm()); cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, key); return cipher.doFinal(data); } /** * 生成钥匙 */ public static Map<String, Object> generateKeyAndFactory(String keyString, boolean isPublic) throws Exception { byte[] keyBytes = Base64Util.decryptBASE64(keyString); KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(ENCRYPTION_ALGORITHM); Key key = null; if (isPublic) { X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes); key = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec); } else { PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes); key = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec); } Map<String, Object> keyAndFactoryMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(2); keyAndFactoryMap.put("key", key); keyAndFactoryMap.put("keyFactory", keyFactory); return keyAndFactoryMap; } /** * 从指定对象中获取钥匙 */ public static Key getKey(Map<String, Object> map) { if (map.get("key") == null) { return null; } return (Key)map.get("key"); } /** * 从指定对象中获取钥匙工厂 */ public static KeyFactory getKeyFactory(Map<String, Object> map) { if (map.get("keyFactory") == null) { return null; } return (KeyFactory)map.get("keyFactory"); } /** * 对信息生成数字签名(用私钥) */ public static String sign(byte[] data, String keyString) throws Exception { Map<String, Object> keyAndFactoryMap = RSAUtil.generateKeyAndFactory(keyString, false); Key key = RSAUtil.getKey(keyAndFactoryMap); PrivateKey privateKey = (PrivateKey)key; // 用私钥对信息生成数字签名 Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM); signature.initSign(privateKey); signature.update(data); return Base64Util.encryptBASE64(signature.sign()); } /** * 校验数字签名(用公钥) */ public static boolean verify(byte[] data, String keyString, String sign) throws Exception { Map<String, Object> keyAndFactoryMap = RSAUtil.generateKeyAndFactory(keyString, true); Key key = RSAUtil.getKey(keyAndFactoryMap); PublicKey publicKey = (PublicKey)key; // 取公钥匙对象 Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM); signature.initVerify(publicKey); signature.update(data); // 验证签名是否正常 return signature.verify(Base64Util.decryptBASE64(sign)); } }
import static org.junit.Assert.*; import org.junit.Before; import org.junit.Test; import java.util.Map; public class HowToUse { private String publicKey = null; private String privateKey = null; @Before public void setUp() throws Exception { Map<String, Object> keyMap = RSAUtil.initKey(); publicKey = RSAUtil.getPublicKey(keyMap); privateKey = RSAUtil.getPrivateKey(keyMap); System.out.println("公钥 -> " + publicKey); System.out.println("私钥 -> " + privateKey); } @Test public void test() throws Exception { System.out.println("公钥加密,私钥解密"); String sourceString = "hi, RSA"; byte[] encodedData = RSAUtil.encrypt(sourceString.getBytes(), publicKey, true); byte[] decodedData = RSAUtil.decrypt(encodedData, privateKey, false); String targetString = new String(decodedData); System.out.println("加密前: " + sourceString + ",解密后: " + targetString); assertEquals(sourceString, targetString); } @Test public void test2() throws Exception { System.out.println("私钥签名,公钥验证签名"); String sourceString = "hello, RSA sign"; byte[] data = sourceString.getBytes(); // 产生签名 String sign = RSAUtil.sign(data, privateKey); System.out.println("签名 -> " + sign); // 验证签名 boolean status = RSAUtil.verify(data, publicKey, sign); System.out.println("状态 -> " + status); assertTrue(status); } @Test public void test3() throws Exception { System.out.println("私钥加密,公钥解密"); String sourceString = "hello, reRSA"; byte[] data = sourceString.getBytes(); byte[] encodedData = RSAUtil.encrypt(data, privateKey, false); byte[] decodedData = RSAUtil.decrypt(encodedData, publicKey, true); String targetString = new String(decodedData); System.out.println("加密前: " + sourceString + ",解密后: " + targetString); assertEquals(sourceString, targetString); } }
作者:Nick Huang 博客:http://www.cnblogs.com/nick-huang/
本博客为学习、笔记之用,以笔记形式记录学习的知识与感悟。学习过程中可能参考各种资料,如觉文中表述过分引用,请务必告知,以便迅速处理。如有错漏,不吝赐教。
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本博客为学习、笔记之用,以笔记形式记录学习的知识与感悟。学习过程中可能参考各种资料,如觉文中表述过分引用,请务必告知,以便迅速处理。如有错漏,不吝赐教。
如果本文对您有用,点赞或评论哦;如果您喜欢我的文章,请点击关注我哦~