多媒体文件格式MIME(转)

转自:http://baike.baidu.com/view/160611.htm

最早的HTTP协议中,并没有附加的数据类型信息,所有传送的数据都被客户程序解释为超文本标记语言HTML 文档,而为了支持多媒体数据类型,HTTP协议中就使用了附加在文档之前的MIME数据类型信息来标识数据类型。

  MIME意为多目Internet邮件扩展,它设计的最初目的是为了在发送电子邮件时附加多媒体数据,让邮件客户程序能根据其类型进行处理。然而当它被HTTP协议支持之后,它的意义就更为显著了。它使得HTTP传输的不仅是普通的文本,而变得丰富多彩。
  每个MIME类型由两部分组成,前面是数据的大类别,例如声音audio、图象image等,后面定义具体的种类。
  常见的MIME类型
  超文本标记语言文本 .html text/html
  xml文档 .xml text/xml
  XHTML文档 .xhtml application/xhtml+xml
  普通文本 .txt text/plain
  RTF文本 .rtf application/rtf
  PDF文档 .pdf application/pdf
  Microsoft Word文件 .word application/msword
  PNG图像 .png image/png
  GIF图形 .gif image/gif
  JPEG图形 .jpeg,.jpg image/jpeg
  au声音文件 .au audio/basic
  MIDI音乐文件 mid,.midi audio/midi,audio/x-midi
  RealAudio音乐文件 .ra, .ram audio/x-pn-realaudio
  MPEG文件 .mpg,.mpeg video/mpeg
  AVI文件 .avi video/x-msvideo
  GZIP文件 .gz application/x-gzip
  TAR文件 .tar application/x-tar
  任意的二进制数据 application/octet-stream
  Internet中有一个专门组织IANA来确认标准的MIME类型,但Internet发展的太快,很多应用程序等不及IANA来确认他们使用的MIME类型为标准类型。因此他们使用在类别中以x-开头的方法标识这个类别还没有成为标准,例如:x-gzip,x-tar等。事实上这些类型运用的很广泛,已经成为了事实标准。只要客户机和服务器共同承认这个MIME类型,即使它是不标准的类型也没有关系,客户程序就能根据MIME类型,采用具体的处理手段来处理数据。而Web服务器和浏览器(包括操作系统)中,缺省都设置了标准的和常见的MIME类型,只有对于不常见的 MIME类型,才需要同时设置服务器和客户浏览器,以进行识别。
  由于MIME类型与文档的后缀相关,因此服务器使用文档的后缀来区分不同文件的MIME类型,服务器中必须定义文档后缀和MIME类型之间的对应关系。而客户程序从服务器上接收数据的时候,它只是从服务器接受数据流,并不了解文档的名字,因此服务器必须使用附加信息来告诉客户程序数据的MIME类型。服务器在发送真正的数据之前,就要先发送标志数据的MIME类型的信息,这个信息使用Content-type关键字进行定义,例如对于HTML文档,服务器将首先发送以下两行MIME标识信息,这个标识并不是真正的数据文件的一部分。
  Content-type: text/html
  注意,第二行为一个空行,这是必须的,使用这个空行的目的是将MIME信息与真正的数据内容分隔开。
  MIME利用了一个事实就是,RFC 822在消息体的内容中做了一点限制:唯一的限制就是只能使用简单的ASCII文本。所以,MIME信息由正常的Internet文本邮件组成,文本邮件拥有一些特别的符合RFC 822的信息头和格式化过的信息体(用ASCII 的子集来表示的附件)。这些MIME头给出了一种在邮件中表示附件的特别的方法。
  MIME信息的剖析
  一个普通的文本邮件的信息包含一个头部分(To: From: Subject: 等等)和一个体部分(Hello Mr.,等等)。在一个符合MIME的信息中,也包含一个信息头并不奇怪,邮件的各个部分叫做MIME段,每段前也缀以一个特别的头。MIME邮件只是基于RFC 822邮件的一个扩展。然而它有着自己的RFC规范集。
  头字段
  MIME头根据在邮件包中的位置,大体上分为MIME信息头和MIME段头。(译者:MIME信息头指整个邮件的头,而MIME段头只每个MIME段的头。)
  MIME信息头有:
  MIME-Version:
  这个头提供了所用MIME的版本号。这个值习惯上为1.0。
  Content-Type:
  它定义了数据的类型,以便数据能被适当的处理。有效的类型有:text,
  image,audio,video, applications,multipart和message。注意任何一个二进制附件都应该被叫做application/octet- stream。这个头的一些用例为:image/jpg, application/mswork,multipart/mixed,这只是很少的一部分。
  Content-Transfer-Encoding:
  这是所有头中最重要的一个,因为它说明了对数据所执行的编码方式,客
  户/MUA 将用它对附件进行解码。对于每个附件,可以使用7bit,8bit,
  binary ,quoted-printable,base64和custom中的一种编码方式。7bit编码是用在US ASCII字符集上的常用的一种编码方式,也就是,保持它的原样。8bit和binary编码一般不用。对人类可读的标准文本,如果传输要经过对格式有影响的网关时对其进行保护,可以使用quoted printable 。Base64是一种通用方法,在需要决定使用哪一种编码方法时,它提供了一个不用费脑子的选择;它通常用在二进制,非文本数据上。注意,任何非7bit 数据必须用一种模式编码,这样它就可以通过Internet邮件网关!
  Content-ID:
  如果Content-Type是message/external-body或multipart/alternative时,这个
  头就有用了。它超出了本文的范围。
  Content-Description:
  这是一个可选的头。它是任何信息段内容的自由文本描述。描述必须使用us-ascii码。
  Content-Disposition:
  一个试验性的头,它用于给客户程序/MUA提供提示,来决定是否在行内显示附件或作为单独的附件。
  MIME段头(出现在实际的MIME附件部分的头),除了MIME-Version头,可以拥有以上任何头字段。如果一个MIME头是信息块的一部分,它将作用于整个信息体。例如,如果Content-Transfer-Encoding显示在信息(指整个信息)头中,它应用于整个信息体,但是如果它显示在一个MIME段里,它"只能"用于那个段中.
  注意:其可以对自动对收到的邮件进行解密

编辑本段MIME类型大全

  格式前面为后辍名,后面为对应的MIME型(例如:rar application/x-rar-compressed 表示.RAR对应的是application/x-rar-compressed )
  application/vnd.lotus-1-2-3
  3gp video/3gpp
  aab application/x-authoware-bin
  aam application/x-authoware-map
  aas application/x-authoware-seg
  ai application/postscript
  aif audio/x-aiff
  aifc audio/x-aiff
  aiff audio/x-aiff
  als audio/X-Alpha5
  amc application/x-mpeg
  ani application/octet-stream
  asc text/plain
  asd application/astound
  asf video/x-ms-asf
  asn application/astound
  asp application/x-asap
  asx video/x-ms-asf
  au audio/basic
  avb application/octet-stream
  avi video/x-msvideo
  awb audio/amr-wb
  bcpio application/x-bcpio
  bin application/octet-stream
  bld application/bld
  bld2 application/bld2
  bmp application/x-MS-bmp
  bpk application/octet-stream
  bz2 application/x-bzip2
  cal image/x-cals
  ccn application/x-cnc
  cco application/x-cocoa
  cdf application/x-netcdf
  cgi magnus-internal/cgi
  chat application/x-chat
  class application/octet-stream
  clp application/x-msclip
  cmx application/x-cmx
  co application/x-cult3d-object
  cod image/cis-cod
  cpio application/x-cpio
  cpt application/mac-compactpro
  crd application/x-mscardfile
  csh application/x-csh
  csm chemical/x-csml
  csml chemical/x-csml
  css text/css
  cur application/octet-stream
  dcm x-lml/x-evm
  dcr application/x-director
  dcx image/x-dcx
  dhtml text/html
  dir application/x-director
  dll application/octet-stream
  dmg application/octet-stream
  dms application/octet-stream
  doc application/msword
  dot application/x-dot
  dvi application/x-dvi
  dwf drawing/x-dwf
  dwg application/x-autocad
  dxf application/x-autocad
  dxr application/x-director
  ebk application/x-expandedbook
  emb chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide
  embl chemical/x-embl-dl-nucleotide
  eps application/postscript
  epub application/epub+zip
  eri image/x-eri
  es audio/echospeech
  esl audio/echospeech
  etc application/x-earthtime
  etx text/x-setext
  evm x-lml/x-evm
  evy application/x-envoy
  exe application/octet-stream
  fh4 image/x-freehand
  fh5 image/x-freehand
  fhc image/x-freehand
  fif image/fif
  fm application/x-maker
  fpx image/x-fpx
  fvi video/isivideo
  gau chemical/x-gaussian-input
  gca application/x-gca-compressed
  gdb x-lml/x-gdb
  gif image/gif
  gps application/x-gps
  gtar application/x-gtar
  gz application/x-gzip
  hdf application/x-hdf
  hdm text/x-hdml
  hdml text/x-hdml
  hlp application/winhlp
  hqx application/mac-binhex40
  htm text/html
  html text/html
  hts text/html
  ice x-conference/x-cooltalk
  ico application/octet-stream
  ief image/ief
  ifm image/gif
  ifs image/ifs
  imy audio/melody
  ins application/x-NET-Install
  ips application/x-ipscript
  ipx application/x-ipix
  it audio/x-mod
  itz audio/x-mod
  ivr i-world/i-vrml
  j2k image/j2k
  jad text/vnd.sun.j2me.app-descriptor
  jam application/x-jam
  jar application/java-archive
  jnlp application/x-java-jnlp-file
  jpe image/jpeg
  jpeg image/jpeg
  jpg image/jpeg
  jpz image/jpeg
  js application/x-javascript
  jwc application/jwc
  kjx application/x-kjx
  lak x-lml/x-lak
  latex application/x-latex
  lcc application/fastman
  lcl application/x-digitalloca
  lcr application/x-digitalloca
  lgh application/lgh
  lha application/octet-stream
  lml x-lml/x-lml
  lmlpack x-lml/x-lmlpack
  lsf video/x-ms-asf
  lsx video/x-ms-asf
  lzh application/x-lzh
  m13 application/x-msmediaview
  m14 application/x-msmediaview
  m15 audio/x-mod
  m3u audio/x-mpegurl
  m3url audio/x-mpegurl
  ma1 audio/ma1
  ma2 audio/ma2
  ma3 audio/ma3
  ma5 audio/ma5
  man application/x-troff-man
  map magnus-internal/imagemap
  mbd application/mbedlet
  mct application/x-mascot
  mdb application/x-msaccess
  mdz audio/x-mod
  me application/x-troff-me
  mel text/x-vmel
  mi application/x-mif
  mid audio/midi
  midi audio/midi
  mif application/x-mif
  mil image/x-cals
  mio audio/x-mio
  mmf application/x-skt-lbs
  mng video/x-mng
  mny application/x-msmoney
  moc application/x-mocha
  mocha application/x-mocha
  mod audio/x-mod
  mof application/x-yumekara
  mol chemical/x-mdl-molfile
  mop chemical/x-mopac-input
  mov video/quicktime
  movie video/x-sgi-movie
  mp2 audio/x-mpeg
  mp3 audio/x-mpeg
  mp4 video/mp4
  mpc application/vnd.mpohun.certificate
  mpe video/mpeg
  mpeg video/mpeg
  mpg video/mpeg
  mpg4 video/mp4
  mpga audio/mpeg
  mpn application/vnd.mophun.application
  mpp application/vnd.ms-project
  mps application/x-mapserver
  mrl text/x-mrml
  mrm application/x-mrm
  ms application/x-troff-ms
  mts application/metastream
  mtx application/metastream
  mtz application/metastream
  mzv application/metastream
  nar application/zip
  nbmp image/nbmp
  nc application/x-netcdf
  ndb x-lml/x-ndb
  ndwn application/ndwn
  nif application/x-nif
  nmz application/x-scream
  nokia-op-logo image/vnd.nok-oplogo-color
  npx application/x-netfpx
  nsnd audio/nsnd
  nva application/x-neva1
  oda application/oda
  oom application/x-AtlasMate-Plugin
  pac audio/x-pac
  pae audio/x-epac
  pan application/x-pan
  pbm image/x-portable-bitmap
  pcx image/x-pcx
  pda image/x-pda
  pdb chemical/x-pdb
  pdf application/pdf
  pfr application/font-tdpfr
  pgm image/x-portable-graymap
  pict image/x-pict
  pm application/x-perl
  pmd application/x-pmd
  png image/png
  pnm image/x-portable-anymap
  pnz image/png
  pot application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
  ppm image/x-portable-pixmap
  pps application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
  ppt application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
  pqf application/x-cprplayer
  pqi application/cprplayer
  prc application/x-prc
  proxy application/x-ns-proxy-autoconfig
  ps application/postscript
  ptlk application/listenup
  pub application/x-mspublisher
  pvx video/x-pv-pvx
  qcp audio/vnd.qcelp
  qt video/quicktime
  qti image/x-quicktime
  qtif image/x-quicktime
  r3t text/vnd.rn-realtext3d
  ra audio/x-pn-realaudio
  ram audio/x-pn-realaudio
  rar application/x-rar-compressed
  ras image/x-cmu-raster
  rdf application/rdf+xml
  rf image/vnd.rn-realflash
  rgb image/x-rgb
  rlf application/x-richlink
  rm audio/x-pn-realaudio
  rmf audio/x-rmf
  rmm audio/x-pn-realaudio
  rmvb audio/x-pn-realaudio
  rnx application/vnd.rn-realplayer
  roff application/x-troff
  rp image/vnd.rn-realpix
  rpm audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin
  rt text/vnd.rn-realtext
  rte x-lml/x-gps
  rtf application/rtf
  rtg application/metastream
  rtx text/richtext
  rv video/vnd.rn-realvideo
  rwc application/x-rogerwilco
  s3m audio/x-mod
  s3z audio/x-mod
  sca application/x-supercard
  scd application/x-msschedule
  sdf application/e-score
  sea application/x-stuffit
  sgm text/x-sgml
  sgml text/x-sgml
  sh application/x-sh
  shar application/x-shar
  shtml magnus-internal/parsed-html
  shw application/presentations
  si6 image/si6
  si7 image/vnd.stiwap.sis
  si9 image/vnd.lgtwap.sis
  sis application/vnd.symbian.install
  sit application/x-stuffit
  skd application/x-Koan
  skm application/x-Koan
  skp application/x-Koan
  skt application/x-Koan
  slc application/x-salsa
  smd audio/x-smd
  smi application/smil
  smil application/smil
  smp application/studiom
  smz audio/x-smd
  snd audio/basic
  spc text/x-speech
  spl application/futuresplash
  spr application/x-sprite
  sprite application/x-sprite
  sdp application/sdp
  spt application/x-spt
  src application/x-wais-source
  stk application/hyperstudio
  stm audio/x-mod
  sv4cpio application/x-sv4cpio
  sv4crc application/x-sv4crc
  svf image/vnd
  svg image/svg-xml
  svh image/svh
  svr x-world/x-svr
  swf application/x-shockwave-flash
  swfl application/x-shockwave-flash
  t application/x-troff
  tad application/octet-stream
  talk text/x-speech
  tar application/x-tar
  taz application/x-tar
  tbp application/x-timbuktu
  tbt application/x-timbuktu
  tcl application/x-tcl
  tex application/x-tex
  texi application/x-texinfo
  texinfo application/x-texinfo
  tgz application/x-tar
  thm application/vnd.eri.thm
  tif image/tiff
  tiff image/tiff
  tki application/x-tkined
  tkined application/x-tkined
  toc application/toc
  toy image/toy
  tr application/x-troff
  trk x-lml/x-gps
  trm application/x-msterminal
  tsi audio/tsplayer
  tsp application/dsptype
  tsv text/tab-separated-values
  tsv text/tab-separated-values
  ttf application/octet-stream
  ttz application/t-time
  txt text/plain
  ult audio/x-mod
  ustar application/x-ustar
  uu application/x-uuencode
  uue application/x-uuencode
  vcd application/x-cdlink
  vcf text/x-vcard
  vdo video/vdo
  vib audio/vib
  viv video/vivo
  vivo video/vivo
  vmd application/vocaltec-media-desc
  vmf application/vocaltec-media-file
  vmi application/x-dreamcast-vms-info
  vms application/x-dreamcast-vms
  vox audio/voxware
  vqe audio/x-twinvq-plugin
  vqf audio/x-twinvq
  vql audio/x-twinvq
  vre x-world/x-vream
  vrml x-world/x-vrml
  vrt x-world/x-vrt
  vrw x-world/x-vream
  vts workbook/formulaone
  wav audio/x-wav
  wax audio/x-ms-wax
  wbmp image/vnd.wap.wbmp
  web application/vnd.xara
  wi image/wavelet
  wis application/x-InstallShield
  wm video/x-ms-wm
  wma audio/x-ms-wma
  wmd application/x-ms-wmd
  wmf application/x-msmetafile
  wml text/vnd.wap.wml
  wmlc application/vnd.wap.wmlc
  wmls text/vnd.wap.wmlscript
  wmlsc application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc
  wmlscript text/vnd.wap.wmlscript
  wmv video/x-ms-wmv
  wmx video/x-ms-wmx
  wmz application/x-ms-wmz
  wpng image/x-up-wpng
  wpt x-lml/x-gps
  wri application/x-mswrite
  wrl x-world/x-vrml
  wrz x-world/x-vrml
  ws text/vnd.wap.wmlscript
  wsc application/vnd.wap.wmlscriptc
  wv video/wavelet
  wvx video/x-ms-wvx
  wxl application/x-wxl
  x-gzip application/x-gzip
  xar application/vnd.xara
  xbm image/x-xbitmap
  xdm application/x-xdma
  xdma application/x-xdma
  xdw application/vnd.fujixerox.docuworks
  xht application/xhtml+xml
  xhtm application/xhtml+xml
  xhtml application/xhtml+xml
  xla application/vnd.ms-excel
  xlc application/vnd.ms-excel
  xll application/x-excel
  xlm application/vnd.ms-excel
  xls application/vnd.ms-excel
  xlt application/vnd.ms-excel
  xlw application/vnd.ms-excel
  xm audio/x-mod
  xml text/xml
  xmz audio/x-mod
  xpi application/x-xpinstall
  xpm image/x-xpixmap
  xsit text/xml
  xsl text/xml
  xul text/xul
  xwd image/x-xwindowdump
  xyz chemical/x-pdb
  yz1 application/x-yz1
  z application/x-compress
  zac application/x-zaurus-zac
  zip application/zip
posted @ 2011-03-19 09:28  新绿  阅读(1425)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报