mongodb快速入门
通过mongdb初始,我们对mongodb有了一个基本的认识,接下来看一下究竟如何使用。
本部分包含的内容包括:
1、mongodb在mac的安装,命令行及客户端工具的简单介绍;
2、在spring中如何使用mongodb,增删改查示例;
3、mongodb原生api的使用,增删改查示例;
4、mongodb连接池的学习;
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1、下载安装及工具简单介绍
1、从官网下载安装包https://www.mongodb.com/download-center,解压到本地合适文件夹;
2、手动创建data目录以及logs跟logs/mongodb.log文件;
3、在mongodb安装目录创建etc目录,并在其下创建mongodb.conf文件,内容见下;
4、配置环境变量,export PATH=${PATH}:/software/mongodb-osx-x86_64-4.0.10/bin;
5、到bin目录执行./mongod -f ../etc/mongod.conf启动,或者nohup ./mongod -f ../etc/mongod.conf & 后台启动;
mongodb.conf内容如下:
#mongodb config file dbpath=/software/mongodb-osx-x86_64-4.0.10/data/db/ #数据存放目录 logpath=/software/mongodb-osx-x86_64-4.0.10/logs/mongod.log #日志存放目录 logappend = true #以天为单位,自动切割日志 port = 27017 fork = true auth = false
下载官方工具MongoDB Compass,启动后进行连接,过程略;
命令行及compass工具使用:
命令行:
1、连接数据库,./mongo ip地址:端口号,连接本地可以省略地址跟端口号,注意启动命令是mongod,连接命令是mongo
2、查看当前有几个数据库,show dbs ,类似于mysql的show database;
3、切换数据库,use 库名;
4、查看库中所有表,show collections;若当前库没有表,则显示为空;
5、往表中随便插入一条数据,db.myusers.insert({"name":"张三"})
这里我们注意一下,show dbs的时候,并没有mytest这个库,我们直接use mytest,mongodb并没有报错,而且我们可以直接insert;这一点跟mysql是不一样的,mongodb可以不用创建库,直接use之后insert的时候回自动创建该库,若没有insert操作,该库并不会实际创建;而且可以看到,对于插入的数据,mongodb自动生成了id;
compass连接本地,可以在左侧看到当前实例的所有库,右侧则为查询展示内容,list为mongo的josn视图,table为将数据展示为传统的关系库表视图;,上方的filter可以书写查询条件,另外还有查询的执行计划,索引等内容,稍后详述;我们刚才加入的数据:
2、spring 集成mongodb使用
目标:利用spring提供的mongodb的api实现对单表的增删改查
1、创建spring boot项目,pom文件添加
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-mongodb</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.mongodb</groupId> <artifactId>mongo-java-driver</artifactId> <version>3.8.0</version> </dependency>
2、application.yml中添加
spring: data: mongodb: uri: mongodb://localhost:27017/wzy
3、初始化数据:
数据脚本如下:本文所采用的数据已被本地多次测试修改,但结构未发生变化,脚本参考如下:
db.users.drop(); var user1 = { "username" : "张三", "country" : "china", "address" : { "aCode" : "411000", "add" : "长沙" }, "favorites" : { "movies" : ["杀破狼2","战狼","雷神1"], "cites" : ["长沙","深圳","上海"] }, "age" : 18, "salary":NumberDecimal("18889.09"), "lenght" :1.79 }; var user2 = { "username" : "李四", "country" : "English", "address" : { "aCode" : "311000", "add" : "地址" }, "favorites" : { "movies" : ["复仇者联盟","战狼","雷神1"], "cites" : ["西安","东京","上海"] }, "age" : 24, "salary":NumberDecimal("7889.09"), "lenght" :1.35 }; var user3 ={ "username" : "王五", "country" : "japan", "address" : { "aCode" : "411000", "add" : "长沙" }, "favorites" : { "movies" : ["肉蒲团","一路向西","倩女幽魂"], "cites" : ["东莞","深圳","东京"] }, "age" : 22, "salary":NumberDecimal("6666.66"), "lenght" :1.85 }; var user4 = { "username" : "马六", "country" : "USA", "address" : { "aCode" : "411000", "add" : "长沙" }, "favorites" : { "movies" : ["蜘蛛侠","钢铁侠","蝙蝠侠"], "cites" : ["青岛","东莞","上海"] }, "age" : 20, "salary":NumberDecimal("6398.22"), "lenght" :1.77 }; var user5 = { "username" : "test", "country" : "UK", "address" : { "aCode" : "411000", "add" : "TEST" }, "favorites" : { "movies" : ["蜘蛛侠","钢铁侠","蝙蝠侠"], "cites" : ["青岛","东莞","上海"] }, "salary":NumberDecimal("1969.88") }; db.users.insert(user1); db.users.insert(user2); db.users.insert(user3); db.users.insert(user4); db.users.insert(user5);
4、创建实体bean
其中,@Getter等注解来自lombok
@ToString @Getter @Setter @Generated @Builder @Document(collection = "users") public class User { @Id private String id; //姓名 @Field("username") private String username; //国籍 private String country; //年龄 private int age; //薪水 private BigDecimal salary; //身高 private Double length; //地址 private Address address; //爱好 private HashMap favourites; }
5、创建service
@Service public class MongoTestService { @Autowired private MongoTemplate mongoTemplate; //查询 public User getUserByName(String name){ Query query = new Query(); query.addCriteria(Criteria.where("username").is(name)); User user = mongoTemplate.findOne(query, User.class); return user; } //插入 public void insertUser(){ HashMap map = new HashMap(); map.put("movies", Arrays.asList("决战天门","倩女幽魂")); map.put("cities", Arrays.asList("大理","拉萨")); User user = User.builder() .username("luochengwu") .age(20) .country("china") .address(new Address("01002","")) .favourites(map) .salary(new BigDecimal("2345.67")) .build(); mongoTemplate.save(user); } //更新 public void updateUser(){ //把李四年龄修改为30 Query query1 = new Query(); query1.addCriteria(Criteria.where("username").is("李四")); List<User> lisi1 = mongoTemplate.find(query1,User.class); System.out.println("before update --------"+lisi1.get(0).toString()); Update update1 = new Update(); update1.set("age",30); UpdateResult result =mongoTemplate.updateMulti(query1,update1,User.class); List<User> lisi11 = mongoTemplate.find(query1,User.class); System.out.println("after update --------"+result); System.out.println("after user --------"+lisi11.get(0)); //略复杂的条件 //住在横滨的日本人,喜欢的城市添加东京 Query query2 = new Query(); query2.addCriteria(Criteria.where("country").is("japan").and("address.add").is("横滨")); User user1 = mongoTemplate.findOne(query2,User.class); System.out.println("before update ------"+user1); Update update2 = new Update(); update2.addToSet("favourites.cities","东京"); UpdateResult result2 = mongoTemplate.updateMulti(query2,update2,User.class); User user2 = mongoTemplate.findOne(query2,User.class); System.out.println("after update --------"+result2); System.out.println("after user --------"+user2); } //删除 public void deleteUser(){ //删掉国籍为uk,且年龄为22的人 Query query = new Query(); query.addCriteria(Criteria.where("country").is("UK").and("age").is(22)); User user = mongoTemplate.findOne(query,User.class); System.out.println("待删除的用户 ------" + user); DeleteResult result = mongoTemplate.remove(query,User.class); System.out.println("remove response ------"+ result); User delUser = mongoTemplate.findOne(query,User.class); System.out.println("query after delete ------" + delUser); } }
1、java跟mongodb数据类型转换的问题,一般java的数据类型跟数据库(比如mysql)的数据类型对应关系,数据库驱动已经帮我们做好了,那个“方言”的配置就是。mongodb貌似做的不全,有些是需要我们自己进行配置的,比如本例中的BigDecimal跟Decimal128;
默认报错:
解决办法:添加converter
@Configuration public class MongodbConfig extends AbstractMongoConfiguration { @Value("${spring.data.mongodb.uri}") private String dburi ; @Override public MongoClient mongoClient() { MongoClient mongoClient = new MongoClient(); return mongoClient; } @Override protected String getDatabaseName() { int index = dburi.lastIndexOf("/")+1; return dburi.substring(index); } @Bean public MappingMongoConverter mappingMongoConverter(){ DefaultDbRefResolver dbRefResolver = new DefaultDbRefResolver(this.mongoDbFactory()); MappingMongoConverter converter = new MappingMongoConverter(dbRefResolver, this.mongoMappingContext()); List<Object> list = new ArrayList<>(); list.add(new BigDecimalToDecimal128Converter()); list.add(new Decimal128ToBigDecimal()); converter.setCustomConversions(new MongoCustomConversions(list)); return converter; } @Bean public MongoMappingContext mongoMappingContext(){ MongoMappingContext mappingContext = new MongoMappingContext(); return mappingContext; } @Bean public MongoTemplate mongoTemplate(){ return new MongoTemplate(this.mongoDbFactory(),this.mappingMongoConverter()); } }
2、map跟hashmap的问题,被更新字段的数据类型必须明确。写Map报错:
解决办法,将相关字段改为实现类HashMap,而不是用接口;这个当时困扰了一下,开始的时候没看懂这个异常;
3、double跟Double的问题,由于mongodb数据结构的自由,有些记录可能缺少某些字段,也就是字段值为null,如果该字段为引用类型是没有问题的,但若该字段为int,double等基本数据类型时,会发生类型转换错误;
解决办法,将字段改为包装类;so,pojo的各个属性最好为引用类型而不是简单类型,在使用关系数据库的时候也应该如此,有些字段(比如年龄,分数,价钱等),没填写跟值为0显然是两个概念。
3、mongodb自带的原生api增删改查
public class DocumentTest { private Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DocumentTest.class); private MongoDatabase db; private MongoCollection<Document> collection; private MongoClient client; @Before public void init(){ client = new MongoClient("localhost"); db = client.getDatabase("wzy"); collection = db.getCollection("users"); } //新增 @Test public void insertTest(){ Document doc1 = new Document(); doc1.append("username","cang"); doc1.append("age",20); doc1.append("country","japan"); doc1.append("length",1.77f); doc1.append("salary",new BigDecimal("6565.22")); //对象 Map<String,String> address = new HashMap<>(); address.put("aCode","01001"); address.put("add","大板"); doc1.append("address",address); //数组 Map<String,Object> fav = new HashMap<>(); fav.put("movies", Arrays.asList("大决战","天龙")); fav.put("citys", Arrays.asList("杭州","苏州")); doc1.append("favourites",fav); collection.insertOne(doc1); // collection.insertMany(); } //查询 @Test public void queryTest(){//{"favourites.cites":["长沙","上海"]} List<Document> list = new ArrayList<>(); //mongo查询结果遍历接口 Block<Document> block = new Block<Document>() { @Override public void apply(Document document) { log.info(document.toJson()); list.add(document); } }; FindIterable<Document> find1 = collection.find(all("favourites.cites",Arrays.asList("长沙","上海"))); find1.forEach(block); log.info("结果有{}条", list.size()); list.removeAll(list); //like '%s%',需要正则, like '%s%' and (country = 'English' or country='USA') String regexStr = ".*s.*"; //s前后都可以有任意字符 Bson regex = regex("username",regexStr); Bson or = or(eq("country","English"),eq("country","USA")); FindIterable<Document> find2 = collection.find(and(regex,or)); find2.forEach(block); log.info("查询结果有{}条",list.size()); } //更新 @Test public void updateTest(){ //更新单个字段 UpdateResult result = collection.updateMany(eq("username","cang"),new Document("$set",new Document("age",6))); //替换整个文档 // UpdateResult result = collection.updateMany(eq("username","cang"),new Document(new Document("age",6))); UpdateResult result1 = collection.updateMany(eq("favourites.citys","杭州"), addEachToSet("favourites.movies",Arrays.asList("小电影"))); log.info("更新了{}条",result1.getModifiedCount()); } //删除 @Test public void deleteTest(){ DeleteResult result = collection.deleteMany(Filters.eq("username","luochengwu")); log.info("删除了{}行",result.getDeletedCount()); DeleteResult result1 = collection.deleteMany(and(gt("age",8),lt("age",28))); log.info("删除了{}行",result1.getDeletedCount()); } }
问题:经过前边对数据类型的趟坑,这里倒是没遇到什么异常;该部分最大的问题是对mongodb提供的原生api的不熟悉,尤其多个条件如何组合,and,or,exist的如何表达,文档整体更新跟局部更新如何处理等,这个感觉没什么办法,只能多多使用慢慢熟悉了;
4、mongodb连接池
mongodb团队已经帮我们做好了一个连接池,以供我们直接使用。使用方式也很简单,就是在获取client的时候将连接池参数对象传进去即可。
连接池参数的设置是通过构造器模式来实现的,因为参数实在是比较多,我们可以根据自己需要进行自由设置。比如在第3步的单元测试类中,我们可以这样使用连接池:
@Before public void init(){ MongoClientOptions mco = MongoClientOptions.builder() .writeConcern(WriteConcern.ACKNOWLEDGED) .minConnectionsPerHost(100) .threadsAllowedToBlockForConnectionMultiplier(5) .maxWaitTime(120000) .connectTimeout(10000) .build(); client = new MongoClient(new ServerAddress("localhost",27017), mco); db = client.getDatabase("wzy"); collection = db.getCollection("users"); }
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以上,我们练习了spring template跟mongo原生api两种操作mongodb的方式。使用起来,要跟sql一样有查询条件,有and,or,like等,但显然,其语法跟细节跟sql是完全不想关的,精通sql跟熟练使用mongodb没有半毛钱关系。实际上,mongodb是有挺多细节需要注意的,我们稍后将在典型场景中进行详述。