英语基础语法（10） 直接引语和间接引语
10.1 直接引语
10.1.1 一字不改的引述别人的话 叫直接引语 如：
”Why don‘t we go sailing ？“ Diana said
Diana suggested they should go sailing
10.1.3 当把直接引语变为间接引语时，人称，时态，时间状语，地点状语等通常都应发生相应变化
10.2 间接引语
10.2.1
说话人用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语，间接引语需要有动词引述，因此这种动词成为引述动词 如：say tell ask,declare 等
10.2.2 动词 tell，say, ask 通常引述间接引语。tell后面必须跟人称或间接宾语，而say则可跟或不跟to引导的讲话对象！
He tells me /says to me (that) he’s very busy
10.2.3 直接引语变成间接引语时，其谓语动词时态变化规则如下：
10.2.3.1 当引述动词为现在或将来时态时，间接引语的时态不变
如：He says “I'm tired”
(主句为一般现在时，简介引语为一般现在时)
10.2.3.2 当引述动词为过去时态时，间接引语的时态则一般应作相应的变化。 即时态的呼应，规则如下
He said “I never work on Sundays”
He said he never worked on Sundays
（2）直接引语中的现在完成时，在间接引语中要成过去完成时
如：
Sylvania said ，“I‘ve moved to another flat”
Sylvania said she had moved to another flat
（3） 直接引语中的一般过去时，在间接引语中则通常变成过去完成时，当然不排除仍用一般过去时。 如：
(4) 直接引语为现在进行时，间接引语变为过去进行时 如：
She said “He’s waiting”
She said he was waiting
(5) 直接引语为过去进行时和过去完成时，间接引语变成过去完成进行时或不变
”I was waiting for hours before you arrived“ he told Harriet
He told Harriet that he had been waiting for hours before she arrived
（6） 直接引语为一般将来时，简介引语为过去将来时
如： ”“where are going ” she asked
He asked us where we were going
（7） 直接引语含情态动词的一般现在时，简介引语中情态动词变为一般过去时 如 shall will 变成would can 变成could may 变成might 如：
“I can/will/may see you later” he said.
He said he could would might see me later
(8) 当 must 指过去，可以不变 ； 如果指不可推卸的义务时，在间接引语中也可由had to 代替。 如：
“I must warn you of the consequence” he said
He told me that he must/had to warn me of the consequence
(9) 如果直接引语为普遍真理，主句谓语是过去时，变成间接引语时，引语部分时态不变 如
“Light travels faster than sound “ the teacher said to his students
The teacher told his students that light travels faster than sound
10.2.4 直接引语变成间接引语时，人称、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语也应有相应变化
代词变化如下：
I –》 he /she me/you –>him/ her /I/we my->his/her
Mr Worth said “I can see you tomorrow ,Miss Casey”
Mr Worth told Miss Casey (that) he could see her the next day
(2) 时间状语的变化如下
now-》then ago-》 before today-》that day，tomorrow-》the next day，yesterday-》 the day before、 the precious day
（3） 地点状语的变化
here-》there
（4） 动词的变化如下
come-》go bring-》take
10.2.5 直接引语为特殊疑问句，在变为间接引语时，其引导词应用疑问句代词或疑问句副词。 ask 可以转述疑问句，包括一般疑问句和特殊疑问句 如：
”when will Jack arrive“ Tom asked
Tom asked when Jack would arrive
10.2.6 除了ask 之外，转述疑问句（包括一般疑问句和特殊疑问句）的动词还可以是want to know，see，say，tell，wonder，inquire 但inquire 一词较为正式，而且使用时后面不跟人称宾语 如：
She asked me ”Have you passed the exam?“
She inquired whether / if I had passed my exam?
10.2.6.1 如果直接引语为选择疑问句，改为间接引语时，应用weather 。。。 or。。。
They asked me weather i was ill or not
10.2.6.2 如果直接引语为一般疑问句，间接引语中用if 或 whether 引导 如：
Have you been abroad？ Mary asked
Mary asked weather we had been abroad。 if 和weather 可以互换，但weather 多用于有选择的情况下，表示怀疑或不确定的程度比if 稍深。
如： I wonder if/weather they’re heard the news yet.
10.2.7 当直接引语为祈使句时，间接引语中通常要用tell，order，command ，ask 等代替直接引语中的say，并且动词后面要用”名词/代词+不定式“结构 如：
”Open the door for me please“ She said （to me）
She asked me to open the door for her
若直接引语为否定句时，要注意间接引语中not的位置
10.2.8 动词insist 和suggest 不能用于”名词（代词）+不定式“结构中，通常要跟一个”that 从句+（should）+动词原形“的结构 如：
”You really must stay and have lunch“ he said
He insist that i（should） stay to have lunch.
