不知道“开源的定义”的来补补课
那我可就钻地洞去了。 太惭愧了，想必很多人也和我一样。落后不要紧，赶紧补补才是真。于是我打开http://www.opensource.org/ 这个最出名的开源网站之一（人家域名就是叫开源啊，
呵呵），如果这个网站你还不知道，那就先去补补开源的历史。然后在我在http://www.opensource.org/docs/definition.php 找到了最新的开源定义（带注释的）。 一看，是1.9版本，网上有很多不同版本的中文翻译了，大家可以Google之，但我想在原文的基础上，从自己的角度来理解、解释这些定义，希望对大家理解开源有所帮助。
The Open Source Definition (Annotated)
Submitted by coar on Mon,
Version 1.9
The indented, italicized sections below appear as annotations to the Open Source Definition (OSD) and are not a part of the OSD. A plain version of the OSD without annotations can be found here.
Introduction
Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. The distribution terms of open-source software must comply with the following criteria:
1. Free Redistribution
The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software as a component of an aggregate software distribution containing programs from several different sources. The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale.
Rationale: By constraining the license to require free redistribution, we eliminate the temptation to throw away many long-term gains in order to make a few short-term sales dollars. If we didn't do this, there would be lots of pressure for cooperators to defect.
//说白了就是组织不允许叛变，要保持组织的纯正的血统，以区别于一般的盈利性的软件。
2. Source Code
The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form. Where some form of a product is not distributed with source code, there must be a well-publicized means of obtaining the source code for no more than a reasonable reproduction cost preferably, downloading via the Internet without charge. The source code must be the preferred form in which a programmer would modify the program. Deliberately obfuscated source code is not allowed. Intermediate forms such as the output of a preprocessor or translator are not allowed.
Rationale: We require access to un-obfuscated source code because you can't evolve programs without modifying them. Since our purpose is to make evolution easy, we require that modification be made easy.
//源代码是一定要共享滴，半点遮遮掩掩都是不可以滴。很重要的一点是，此处道出了公开源
//代码的重要目的：使得程序利于修改，从而使程
//序能够不断发展（不知道翻译成发展好不好。。。）
3. Derived Works
The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software.
Rationale: The mere ability to read source isn't enough to support independent peer review and rapid evolutionary selection. For rapid evolution to happen, people need to be able to experiment with and redistribute modifications.
//这个......其实就是支持踩在别人肩膀上达到新高度，不光是软件，人类大多数领域的发展也离
//不开这一步
4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code
The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form only if the license allows the distribution of "patch files" with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. The license must explicitly permit distribution of software built from modified source code. The license may require derived works to carry a different name or version number from the original software.
Rationale: Encouraging lots of improvement is a good thing, but users have a right to know who is responsible for the software they are using. Authors and maintainers have reciprocal right to know what they're being asked to support and protect their reputations.
Accordingly, an open-source license must guarantee that source be readily available, but may require that it be distributed as pristine base sources plus patches. In this way, "unofficial" changes can be made available but readily distinguished from the base source.
//主要是保护作者的权益，以及保证软件版本的秩序，让使用者知道软件和其补丁的确切信息。
//这条不是强制性的。
5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups
The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons.
Rationale: In order to get the maximum benefit from the process, the maximum diversity of persons and groups should be equally eligible to contribute to open sources. Therefore we forbid any open-source license from locking anybody out of the process.
Some countries, including the
//开源无国界、人种、职业等等的区别，所有人都可以得到，不然有悖国际主义，要被批的
6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor
The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict the program from being used in a business, or from being used for genetic research.
Rationale: The major intention of this clause is to prohibit license traps that prevent open source from being used commercially. We want commercial users to join our community, not feel excluded from it.
//无作用领域歧视，不是说开源就是一点都不能用于商业目的，其实没有商人加入，开源组织早喝西
//北风去了。
7. Distribution of License
The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties.
Rationale: This clause is intended to forbid closing up software by indirect means such as requiring a non-disclosure agreement.
//这个我自己也没搞懂，没有研究过这个许可证到底是怎么工作的，暂且翻译一下：
//附于程序上的权利必须适用于任何再分发的程序, 而无需使用其他组织制定的附加许可权利。
//这句话用来禁止以间接的方式封闭软件，例如要求遵守一个非公开的协议。
8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product
The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's being part of a particular software distribution. If the program is extracted from that distribution and used or distributed within the terms of the program's license, all parties to whom the program is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted in conjunction with the original software distribution.
Rationale: This clause forecloses yet another class of license traps.
//同上，也翻译一下（我出汗了）
//附于程序上的权利不得依赖于一个特定软件分发的某一部分程序。如果这个程序从该分发中抽取出
//来，在该程序许可证下使用或者分发，
//那么所有该程序的再分发对象也具有了原创软件所指定的相关权利。
//这句话预先防止了其他类型的许可证的陷阱。
9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software
The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with the licensed software. For example, the license must not insist that all other programs distributed on the same medium must be open-source software.
Rationale: Distributors of open-source software have the right to make their own choices about their own software.
Yes, the GPL is conformant with this requirement. Software linked with GPLed libraries only inherits the GPL if it forms a single work, not any software with which they are merely distributed.
//就是说拥有一个许可证的作者的其他程序可以由自己来决定是否开源，而不用全都遵守开源规定，
//这个明摆着的嘛，不然这个贼船谁上啊？
*10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral
No provision of the license may be predicated on any individual technology or style of interface.
Rationale: This provision is aimed specifically at licenses which require an explicit gesture of assent in order to establish a contract between licensor and licensee. Provisions mandating so-called "click-wrap" may conflict with important methods of software distribution such as FTP download, CD-ROM anthologies, and web mirroring; such provisions may also hinder code re-use. Conformant licenses must allow for the possibility that (a) redistribution of the software will take place over non-Web channels that do not support click-wrapping of the download, and that (b) the covered code (or re-used portions of covered code) may run in a non-GUI environment that cannot support popup dialogues.
//就是要求许可证颁发者和许可证接受者之间建立合同关系要以非常明确的姿态，这也是出于对作者
//和开源的保护
其实对于不同的人，open source的含义不同。对很多人来说开源是对需要花money的商业软件的一种救赎，而对有些人是崇拜的姿态......不说了，怕岔开的太多。其实对编程初学者来说，不管是否最终用于商业、是否不断发展都不是很重要，当然这就违背了open source，但是开放的代码还是对新人很有帮助的；而对从事开源的来说，不断发展好的开源项目，让资源充分共享和利用才是应该做的。
