单表查询
单表查询
select distinct 字段1,字段2,字段3 from 库.表 where 条件 group by 分组条件 having 过滤条件 order by 排序 limit n; # distinct 去重 # limit 显示条数
# 执行顺序:先执行from查找表,再执行where、group by、having过滤出符合条件的数据后再执行distinct,打印需要显示的字段,最后执行order by、limit
一、简单查询
1、简单查询
SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id FROM employee; SELECT * FROM employee; SELECT name,salary FROM employee;
2、避免重复 distinct
SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee;
3、通过四则运算查询
SELECT name, salary*12 FROM employee; SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee; SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee; # as 后面起的是别名
4、定义显示格式 concat() 函数,用于连接字符串
SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,' 年薪: ', salary*12) AS Annual_salary FROM employee; CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符 SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',name,salary*12) AS Annual_salary FROM employee;
二、where约束条件
where语句可以使用:
1、比较运算符:>、<、=、>=、<=、!=
2、between 80 and 100 值在80到100之间
3、in(80,90,100) 值是80或90或100
4、like 'engo%'
patterm可以是%或_
%表示任意多字符
_表示一个字符
5、逻辑运算符:在多个条件可以直接使用逻辑运算符 and or not
1、单条件查询
SELECT name FROM employee WHERE post='sale';
2、多条件查询
SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000;
3、关键字 between and
SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;SELECT name,salary FROM employee
WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
4、关键字 is null (判断某个字段是否为空,不能用等号,需要用is)
SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment IS NULL; SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL; SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串,不是null ps: 执行 update employee set post_comment='' where id=2; 再用上条查看,就会有结果了
5、关键字 in 集合查询
SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ; SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ; SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
6、关键字 like 模糊查询
通配符’%’ SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'eg%'; 通配符’_’ SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'al__';
三、分组查询 group by
1、什么是分组?为什么要分组?
#1、首先明确一点:分组发生在where之后,即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的
#2、分组指的是:将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,或者按照性别进行分组等
#3、为何要分组呢?
取每个部门的最高工资
取每个部门的员工数
取男人数和女人数
小窍门:‘每’这个字后面的字段,就是我们分组的依据
#4、大前提:
可以按照任意字段分组,但是分组完毕后,比如group by post,只能查看post字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数
2、怎么样用分组
单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获取组内的其他相关信息,需要借助函数
GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用
SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组,并查看组内成员名
SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post;
GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用
select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人
3、聚合函数
#强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组
max() 求最大
min() 求最小
avg() 求平均
sum() 求和
count() 求合计数
#1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字 select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post; #2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数 select post,count(id) from employee group by post; #3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数 select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex; #4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资 select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post; #5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资 select post,max(salary) from employee group by post; #6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资 select post,min(salary) from employee group by post; #7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资,女员工与女员工的平均薪资 select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;
强调:
如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据,则每一条记录自成一组,这种分组没有意义
多条记录之间的某个字段值相同,该字段通常用来作为分组的依据
四、having 过滤条件
having与where的不同之处在于:
执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having
#1. Where 发生在分组group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。
#2. Having发生在分组group by之后,因而Having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数
#1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数 select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id) < 2; #3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资 select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000; #4. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资 select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;
五、order by 查询排序
asc 升序
desc 降序
按单列排序
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC;
按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年纪相同,则按照薪资排序
SELECT * from employee
ORDER BY age,
salary DESC;
#1. 查询所有员工信息,先按照age升序排序,如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序 select * from employee ORDER BY age asc,hire_date desc; #2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列 select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) asc; #3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列 select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) desc;
六、limit 限制查询的记录数
示例:
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 3; #默认初始位置为0
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
#1. 分页显示,每页5条 select * from employee limit 0,5; select * from employee limit 5,5; select * from employee limit 10,5;
七、 regexp 正则表达式查询
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^ale';
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'm{2}';
小结:对字符串匹配的方式
WHERE name = 'egon';
WHERE name LIKE 'yua%';
WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
#查看所有员工中名字是jin开头,n或者g结果的员工信息 select * from employee where name regexp '^jin.*[gn]$';