单表查询

单表查询

select distinct 字段1,字段2,字段3 from 库.表
    where 条件
    group by 分组条件
    having 过滤条件
    order by 排序
    limit n;

# distinct 去重
# limit 显示条数
# 执行顺序:先执行from查找表,再执行where、group by、having过滤出符合条件的数据后再执行distinct,打印需要显示的字段,最后执行order by、limit

 一、简单查询

1、简单查询

SELECT id,name,sex,age,hire_date,post,post_comment,salary,office,depart_id 
    FROM employee;

    SELECT * FROM employee;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee;

 

2、避免重复 distinct

SELECT DISTINCT post FROM employee; 

3、通过四则运算查询

SELECT name, salary*12 FROM employee;
    SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee;
    SELECT name, salary*12 Annual_salary FROM employee;

# as 后面起的是别名

4、定义显示格式 concat() 函数,用于连接字符串

   SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,'  年薪: ', salary*12)  AS Annual_salary 
   FROM employee;

   CONCAT_WS() 第一个参数为分隔符
   SELECT CONCAT_WS(':',name,salary*12)  AS Annual_salary 
   FROM employee;

二、where约束条件

where语句可以使用:

1、比较运算符:>、<、=、>=、<=、!=

2、between 80 and 100  值在80到100之间

3、in(80,90,100)  值是80或90或100

4、like 'engo%'

patterm可以是%或_

%表示任意多字符

_表示一个字符

5、逻辑运算符:在多个条件可以直接使用逻辑运算符 and or not

 

1、单条件查询

    SELECT name FROM employee
        WHERE post='sale';

2、多条件查询

 SELECT name,salary FROM employee
        WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000;

3、关键字 between and

SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

SELECT name,salary FROM employee
        WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

4、关键字 is null (判断某个字段是否为空,不能用等号,需要用is)

SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment IS NULL;

    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;

    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串,不是null
    ps:
        执行
        update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
        再用上条查看,就会有结果了

5、关键字 in 集合查询

SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;

6、关键字 like 模糊查询

通配符’%’
    SELECT * FROM employee 
            WHERE name LIKE 'eg%';

    通配符’_’
    SELECT * FROM employee 
            WHERE name LIKE 'al__';

 

三、分组查询 group by

1、什么是分组?为什么要分组?

#1、首先明确一点:分组发生在where之后,即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的

#2、分组指的是:将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类,比如针对员工信息表的职位分组,或者按照性别进行分组等

#3、为何要分组呢?
    取每个部门的最高工资
    取每个部门的员工数
    取男人数和女人数

小窍门:‘每’这个字后面的字段,就是我们分组的依据

#4、大前提:
    可以按照任意字段分组,但是分组完毕后,比如group by post,只能查看post字段,如果想查看组内信息,需要借助于聚合函数

2、怎么样用分组

单独使用GROUP BY关键字分组
    SELECT post FROM employee GROUP BY post;
    注意:我们按照post字段分组,那么select查询的字段只能是post,想要获取组内的其他相关信息,需要借助函数

 

GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用
    SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;#按照岗位分组,并查看组内成员名
    SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) as emp_members FROM employee GROUP BY post;

GROUP BY与聚合函数一起使用
    select post,count(id) as count from employee group by post;#按照岗位分组,并查看每个组有多少人

3、聚合函数

#强调:聚合函数聚合的是组的内容,若是没有分组,则默认一组

  max()  求最大

  min() 求最小

  avg() 求平均

  sum() 求和

  count() 求合计数

#1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字
select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post;

#2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数
select post,count(id) from employee group by post;

#3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数
select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex;

#4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;

#5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资
select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;

#6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资
select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;

#7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资,女员工与女员工的平均薪资
select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;

 

强调:

如果我们用unique的字段作为分组的依据,则每一条记录自成一组,这种分组没有意义
多条记录之间的某个字段值相同,该字段通常用来作为分组的依据

 

四、having 过滤条件

having与where的不同之处在于:

执行优先级从高到低:where > group by > having 
#1. Where 发生在分组group by之前,因而Where中可以有任意字段,但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。
#2. Having发生在分组group by之后,因而Having中可以使用分组的字段,无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数
#1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id) < 2;

#3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;

#4. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;

 

五、order by 查询排序

asc 升序

desc 降序

按单列排序
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC;

按多列排序:先按照age排序,如果年纪相同,则按照薪资排序
    SELECT * from employee
        ORDER BY age,
        salary DESC;
#1. 查询所有员工信息,先按照age升序排序,如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序
select * from employee ORDER BY age asc,hire_date desc;

#2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) asc;

#3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列
select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) desc;

 

六、limit 限制查询的记录数

示例:
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
        LIMIT 3;   #默认初始位置为0 

    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始,即先查询出第一条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始,即先查询出第6条,然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
#1. 分页显示,每页5条
select * from  employee limit 0,5;
select * from  employee limit 5,5;
select * from  employee limit 10,5;

 


 

七、 regexp 正则表达式查询

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^ale';

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'm{2}';


小结:对字符串匹配的方式
WHERE name = 'egon';
WHERE name LIKE 'yua%';
WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';
#查看所有员工中名字是jin开头,n或者g结果的员工信息
select * from employee where name regexp '^jin.*[gn]$';

 

 



posted @ 2020-02-15 00:51  南啾  阅读(185)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报