深入解析MySQL分区(Partition)功能

= 水平分区(根据列属性按行分)=
举个简单例子:一个包含十年发票记录的表可以被分区为十个不同的分区,每个分区包含的是其中一年的记录。

水平分区的模式:

  1. Range(范围) – 这种模式允许DBA将数据划分不同范围。例如DBA可以将一个表通过年份划分成三个分区,80年代(1980's)的数据,90年代(1990's)的数据以及任何在2000年(包括2000年)后的数据。 
  2. Hash(哈希)  – 这种模式允许DBA通过对表的一个或多个列的Hash Key进行计算,最后通过这个Hash码不同数值对应的数据区域进行分区。例如DBA可以建立一个对表主键进行分区的表。 
  3. Key(键值)    – Hash模式的一种延伸,这里的Hash Key是MySQL系统产生的。 
  4. List(预定义列表) – 这种模式允许系统通过DBA定义的列表的值所对应的行数据进行分割。例如:DBA建立了一个横跨三个分区的表,分别根据2004年2005年和2006年值所对应的数据。 
  5. Composite(复合模式) - 很神秘吧,哈哈,其实是以上模式的组合使用而已,就不解释了。举例:在初始化已经进行了Range范围分区的表上,我们可以对其中一个分区再进行hash哈希分区。 

 

 垂直分区(按列分):

       举个简单例子:一个包含了大text和BLOB列的表,这些text和BLOB列又不经常被访问,这时候就要把这些不经常使用的text和BLOB了划分到另一个分区,在保证它们数据相关性的同时还能提高访问速度。

 

分区表和未分区表试验过程

      *创建分区表,按日期的年份拆分

mysql> CREATE TABLE part_tab (
c1 int default NULL,
c2 varchar(30) default NULL,
c3 date default NULL
) engine=myisam PARTITION BY RANGE (year(c3)) (PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (1995), PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (1996) , PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (1997) , PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (1998) , PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (1999) , PARTITION p5 VALUES LESS THAN (2000) , PARTITION p6 VALUES LESS THAN (2001) , PARTITION p7 VALUES LESS THAN (2002) , PARTITION p8 VALUES LESS THAN (2003) , PARTITION p9 VALUES LESS THAN (2004) , PARTITION p10 VALUES LESS THAN (2010), PARTITION p11 VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE );

    注意最后一行,考虑到可能的最大值

   *创建未分区表

mysql> create table no_part_tab (
c1 int(11) default NULL,
c2 varchar(30) default NULL,
c3 date default NULL
) engine=myisam;

   *通过存储过程灌入800万条测试数据

mysql> set sql_mode=''; /* 如果创建存储过程失败,则先需设置此变量, bug? */
mysql> delimiter //     /* 设定语句终结符为 //,因存储过程语句用;结束 */

  mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE load_part_tab()
  begin
   declare v int default 0;
   while v < 8000000
  do
   insert into part_tab
   values (v,'testing partitions',adddate('1995-01-01',(rand(v)*36520) mod 3652));
  set v = v + 1;
  end while;
  end
  //
  mysql> delimiter ;
  mysql> call load_part_tab();
  Query OK, 1 row affected (8 min 17.75 sec)

  mysql> insert into no_part_tab select * from part_tab;      //将800万数据复制到未分区的表no_part_tab 中

  Query OK, 8000000 rows affected (51.59 sec)
  Records: 8000000 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

    * 测试SQL性能

mysql> select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date('1995-01-01') and c3 < date('1995-12-31');
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
|   795181 |
+----------+

  1 row in set (0.55 sec)

mysql> select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date('1995-01-01') and c3 < date('1995-12-31'); 
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
|   795181 |
+----------+
1 row in set (4.69 sec)

   结果表明分区表比未分区表的执行时间少90%

  * 通过explain语句来分析执行情况

mysql > explain select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date('1995-01-01') and c3 < date ('1995-12-31') \G    #结尾的\G使得mysql的输出改为列模式 

  *************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: no_part_tab
         type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
          key: NULL
      key_len: NULL
          ref: NULL
         rows: 8000000               #需要查询800万条记录
        Extra: Using where
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)

  mysql> explain select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date ('1995-01-01') and c3 < date ('1995-12-31') \G

  *************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: part_tab
         type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
          key: NULL
      key_len: NULL
          ref: NULL
         rows: 798458               #只需要查询798458条记录
        Extra: Using where
  1 row in set (0.00 sec)

    * 试验创建索引后情况

mysql> create index idx_of_c3 on no_part_tab (c3);
Query OK, 8000000 rows affected (1 min 18.08 sec)
Records: 8000000 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> create index idx_of_c3 on part_tab (c3);
Query OK, 8000000 rows affected (1 min 19.19 sec)
Records: 8000000 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

   创建索引后的数据库文件大小列表:

2008-05-24 09:23             8,608 no_part_tab.frm
2008-05-24 09:24       255,999,996 no_part_tab.MYD
2008-05-24 09:24        81,611,776 no_part_tab.MYI
2008-05-24 09:25                 0 part_tab#P#p0.MYD
2008-05-24 09:26             1,024 part_tab#P#p0.MYI
2008-05-24 09:26        25,550,656 part_tab#P#p1.MYD
2008-05-24 09:26         8,148,992 part_tab#P#p1.MYI
2008-05-24 09:26        25,620,192 part_tab#P#p10.MYD
2008-05-24 09:26         8,170,496 part_tab#P#p10.MYI
2008-05-24 09:25                 0 part_tab#P#p11.MYD
2008-05-24 09:26             1,024 part_tab#P#p11.MYI
2008-05-24 09:26        25,656,512 part_tab#P#p2.MYD
2008-05-24 09:26         8,181,760 part_tab#P#p2.MYI
2008-05-24 09:26        25,586,880 part_tab#P#p3.MYD
2008-05-24 09:26         8,160,256 part_tab#P#p3.MYI
2008-05-24 09:26        25,585,696 part_tab#P#p4.MYD
2008-05-24 09:26         8,159,232 part_tab#P#p4.MYI
2008-05-24 09:26        25,585,216 part_tab#P#p5.MYD
2008-05-24 09:26         8,159,232 part_tab#P#p5.MYI
2008-05-24 09:26        25,655,740 part_tab#P#p6.MYD
2008-05-24 09:26         8,181,760 part_tab#P#p6.MYI
2008-05-24 09:26        25,586,528 part_tab#P#p7.MYD
2008-05-24 09:26         8,160,256 part_tab#P#p7.MYI
2008-05-24 09:26        25,586,752 part_tab#P#p8.MYD
2008-05-24 09:26         8,160,256 part_tab#P#p8.MYI
2008-05-24 09:26        25,585,824 part_tab#P#p9.MYD
2008-05-24 09:26         8,159,232 part_tab#P#p9.MYI
2008-05-24 09:25             8,608 part_tab.frm
2008-05-24 09:25                68 part_tab.par

   * 再次测试SQL性能

mysql> select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date ('1995-01-01') and c3 < date ('1995-12-31');
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
|   795181 |
+----------+

  1 row in set (2.42 sec)   # 为原来4.69 sec 的51%

  #重启mysql ( net stop mysql, net start mysql)后,查询时间降为0.89 sec,几乎与分区表相同。

 

  mysql> select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date ('1995-01-01') and c3 < date ('1995-12-31');

  +----------+
  | count(*) |
  +----------+
  |   795181 |
  +----------+
  1 row in set (0.86 sec)

 

   * 更进一步的试验
    ** 增加日期范围

mysql> select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date ('1995-01-01') and c3 < date ('1997-12-31');
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 2396524 |
+----------+
1 row in set (5.42 sec)

mysql> select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date ('1995-01-01') and c3 < date ('1997-12-31');
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 2396524 |
+----------+

  1 row in set (2.63 sec)

    ** 增加未索引字段查询

mysql> select count(*) from no_part_tab where c3 > date ('1995-01-01') and c3 < date ('1996-12-31') and c2='hello';
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
|        0 |
+----------+
1 row in set (11.52 sec)

mysql> select count(*) from part_tab where c3 > date ('1995-01-01') and c3 < date ('1996-12-31') and c2='hello';
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
|        0 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.75 sec)

   = 初步结论 =
      * 分区和未分区占用文件空间大致相同 (数据和索引文件)
      * 如果查询语句中有未建立索引字段,分区时间远远优于未分区时间
      * 如果查询语句中字段建立了索引,分区和未分区的差别缩小,分区略优于未分区。

= 最终结论 =
* 对于大数据量,建议使用分区功能。
* 去除不必要的字段
* 根据手册, 增加myisam_max_sort_file_size 会增加分区性能( mysql重建索引时允许使用的临时文件最大大小)

 

分区命令详解

   * RANGE 类型

CREATE TABLE users (
       uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
       name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
       email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (uid) (
       PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (3000000)
       DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data'
       INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',
 
       PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (6000000)
       DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data'
       INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx',
 
       PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (9000000)
       DATA DIRECTORY = '/data4/data'
       INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data5/idx',
 
       PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data6/data' 
       INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data7/idx'
);

   在这里,将用户表分成4个分区,以每300万条记录为界限,每个分区都有自己独立的数据、索引文件的存放目录,与此同时,这些目录所在的物理磁盘分区可能也都是完全独立的,可以提高磁盘IO吞吐量。

   * LIST 类型

CREATE TABLE category (
     cid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
     name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY LIST (cid) (
     PARTITION p0 VALUES IN (0,4,8,12)
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data' 
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',
     
     PARTITION p1 VALUES IN (1,5,9,13)
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx',
     
     PARTITION p2 VALUES IN (2,6,10,14)
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data4/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data5/idx',
     
     PARTITION p3 VALUES IN (3,7,11,15)
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data6/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data7/idx'
);

   分成4个区,数据文件和索引文件单独存放。

   * HASH 类型

CREATE TABLE users (
     uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
     name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY HASH (uid) PARTITIONS 4 (
     PARTITION p0
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',
 
     PARTITION p1
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx',
 
     PARTITION p2
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data4/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data5/idx',
 
     PARTITION p3
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data6/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data7/idx'
);

   * KEY 类型

CREATE TABLE users (
     uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
     name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY KEY (uid) PARTITIONS 4 (
     PARTITION p0
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',
     
     PARTITION p1
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data' 
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx',
     
     PARTITION p2 
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data4/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data5/idx',
     
     PARTITION p3 
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data6/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data7/idx'
);

   分成4个区,数据文件和索引文件单独存放。

   * 子分区
     子分区是针对 RANGE/LIST 类型的分区表中每个分区的再次分割。再次分割可以是 HASH/KEY 等类型。

CREATE TABLE users (
     uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
     name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (uid) SUBPARTITION BY HASH (uid % 4) SUBPARTITIONS 2(
     PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (3000000)
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',
 
     PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (6000000)
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx'
);

    对 RANGE 分区再次进行子分区划分,子分区采用 HASH 类型。
    或者

CREATE TABLE users (
     uid INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
     name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
     email VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (uid) SUBPARTITION BY KEY(uid) SUBPARTITIONS 2(
     PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (3000000)
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data0/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data1/idx',
 
     PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (6000000)
     DATA DIRECTORY = '/data2/data'
     INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data3/idx'
);

    对 RANGE 分区再次进行子分区划分,子分区采用 KEY 类型。

分区管理

   * 删除分区  

ALERT TABLE users DROP PARTITION p0; #删除分区 p0

   * 重建分区

       RANGE 分区重建

ALTER TABLE users REORGANIZE PARTITION p0,p1 INTO (PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (6000000));  #将原来的 p0,p1 分区合并起来,放到新的 p0 分区中。

        LIST 分区重建

ALTER TABLE users REORGANIZE PARTITION p0,p1 INTO (PARTITION p0 VALUES IN(0,1,4,5,8,9,12,13));#将原来的 p0,p1 分区合并起来,放到新的 p0 分区中。

        HASH/KEY 分区重建

ALTER TABLE users REORGANIZE PARTITION COALESCE PARTITION 2; #用 REORGANIZE 方式重建分区的数量变成2,在这里数量只能减少不能增加。想要增加可以用 ADD PARTITION 方法。

   * 新增分区

        新增 RANGE 分区   

#新增一个RANGE分区
ALTER TABLE category ADD PARTITION (PARTITION p4 VALUES IN (16,17,18,19) DATA DIRECTORY = '/data8/data' INDEX DIRECTORY = '/data9/idx');

       新增 HASH/KEY 分区

ALTER TABLE users ADD PARTITION PARTITIONS 8;   #将分区总数扩展到8个。

       给已有的表加上分区

alter table results partition by RANGE (month(ttime)) 
(
PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (
1), PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (2) ,
PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN (3) , PARTITION p3 VALUES LESS THAN (4) ,
PARTITION p4 VALUES LESS THAN (5) , PARTITION p5 VALUES LESS THAN (6) ,
PARTITION p6 VALUES LESS THAN (7) , PARTITION p7 VALUES LESS THAN (8) ,
PARTITION p8 VALUES LESS THAN (9) , PARTITION p9 VALUES LESS THAN (10) ,
PARTITION p10 VALUES LESS THAN (11), PARTITION p11 VALUES LESS THAN (12), PARTITION P12 VALUES LESS THAN (13)
);

默认分区限制分区字段必须是主键(PRIMARY KEY)的一部分,为了去除此限制:

  [方法1] 使用ID:

mysql> ALTER TABLE np_pk
    ->     PARTITION BY HASH( TO_DAYS(added) )
    ->     PARTITIONS 4;
#ERROR 1503 (HY000): A PRIMARY KEY must include all columns in the table's partitioning function

mysql> ALTER TABLE np_pk
    ->     PARTITION BY HASH(id)
    ->     PARTITIONS 4;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

  [方法2] 将原有PK去掉生成新PK

mysql> alter table results drop PRIMARY KEY;
Query OK, 5374850 rows affected (7 min 4.05 sec)
Records: 5374850 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

mysql> alter table results add PRIMARY KEY(id, ttime);
Query OK, 5374850 rows affected (7 min 4.05 sec)
Records: 5374850 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0

 

 

 

 

posted @ 2019-07-17 16:22  龙福  阅读(52506)  评论(1编辑  收藏  举报