Backpropagation

一般都是用链式法则解释
比如如下的神经网络
  • 前向传播
对于节点h_1来说,h_1的净输入net_{h_1}如下:
net_{h_1}=w_1\times i_1+w_2\times i_2+b_1\times 1
接着对net_{h_1}做一个sigmoid函数得到节点h_1的输出:
out_{h_1}=\frac{1}{1+e^{-net_{h_1}}}
类似的,我们能得到节点h_2o_1o_2的输出out_{h_2}out_{o_1}out_{o_2}

  • 误差
得到结果后,整个神经网络的输出误差可以表示为:
E_{total}=\sum\frac{1}{2}(target-output)^2
其中output就是刚刚通过前向传播算出来的out_{o_1}out_{o_2}target是节点o_1o_2的目标值。E_{total}用来衡量二者的误差。
这个E_{total}也可以认为是cost function,不过这里省略了防止overfit的regularization term(\sum{w_i^2}
展开得到
E_{total}=E{o_1}+E{o_2}=\frac{1}{2}(target_{o_1}-out_{o_1})^2+\frac{1}{2}(target_{o_2}-out_{o_2})^2

  • 后向传播
对输出层的w_5
通过梯度下降调整w_5,需要求\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {w_5}},由链式法则:
\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {w_5}}=\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {out_{o_1}}}\frac{\partial {out_{o_1}}}{\partial {net_{o_1}}}\frac{\partial {net_{o_1}}}{\partial {w_5}}
如下图所示:
\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {out_{o_1}}}=\frac{\partial}{\partial {out_{o_1}}}(\frac{1}{2}(target_{o_1}-out_{o_1})^2+\frac{1}{2}(target_{o_2}-out_{o_2})^2)=-(target_{o_1}-out_{o_1})
\frac{\partial {out_{o_1}}}{\partial {net_{o_1}}}=\frac{\partial }{\partial {net_{o_1}}}\frac{1}{1+e^{-net_{o_1}}}=out_{o_1}(1-out_{o_1})
\frac{\partial {net_{o_1}}}{\partial {w_5}}=\frac{\partial}{\partial {w_5}}(w_5\times out_{h_1}+w_6\times out_{h_2}+b_2\times 1)=out_{h_1}
以上3个相乘得到梯度\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {w_5}},之后就可以用这个梯度训练了:
w_5^+=w_5-\eta \frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {w_5}}
很多教材比如Stanford的课程,会把中间结果\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {net_{o_1}}}=\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {out_{o_1}}}\frac{\partial {out_{o_1}}}{\partial {net_{o_1}}}记做\delta_{o_1},表示这个节点对最终的误差需要负多少责任。。所以有\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {w_5}}=\delta_{o_1}out_{h_1}



对隐藏层的w_1
通过梯度下降调整w_1,需要求\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {w_1}},由链式法则:
\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {w_1}}=\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {out_{h_1}}}\frac{\partial {out_{h_1}}}{\partial {net_{h_1}}}\frac{\partial {net_{h_1}}}{\partial {w_1}}
如下图所示:
参数w_1影响了net_{h_1},进而影响了out_{h_1},之后又影响到E_{o_1}E_{o_2}
求解每个部分:
\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {out_{h_1}}}=\frac{\partial {E_{o_1}}}{\partial {out_{h_1}}}+\frac{\partial {E_{o_2}}}{\partial {out_{h_1}}}
其中\frac{\partial {E_{o_1}}}{\partial {out_{h_1}}}=\frac{\partial {E_{o_1}}}{\partial {net_{o_1}}}\times \frac{\partial {net_{o_1}}}{\partial {out_{h_1}}}=\delta_{o_1}\times \frac{\partial {net_{o_1}}}{\partial {out_{h_1}}}=\delta_{o_1}\times \frac{\partial}{\partial {out_{h_1}}}(w_5\times out_{h_1}+w_6\times out_{h_2}+b_2\times 1)=\delta_{o_1}w_5,这里\delta_{o_1}之前计算过。
\frac{\partial {E_{o_2}}}{\partial {out_{h_1}}}的计算也类似,所以得到
\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {out_{h_1}}}=\delta_{o_1}w_5+\delta_{o_2}w_7
\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {w_1}}的链式中其他两项如下:
\frac{\partial {out_{h_1}}}{\partial {net_{h_1}}}=out_{h_1}(1-out_{h_1})
\frac{\partial {net_{h_1}}}{\partial {w_1}}=\frac{\partial }{\partial {w_1}}(w_1\times i_1+w_2\times i_2+b_1\times 1)=i_1
相乘得到
\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {w_1}}=\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {out_{h_1}}}\frac{\partial {out_{h_1}}}{\partial {net_{h_1}}}\frac{\partial {net_{h_1}}}{\partial {w_1}}=(\delta_{o_1}w_5+\delta_{o_2}w_7)\times out_{h_1}(1-out_{h_1}) \times i_1
得到梯度后,就可以对w_1迭代了:
w_1^+=w_1-\eta \frac{\partial{E_{total}}}{\partial{w_1}}
在前一个式子里同样可以对\delta_{h_1}进行定义,\delta_{h_1}=\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {out_{h_1}}}\frac{\partial {out_{h_1}}}{\partial {net_{h_1}}}=(\delta_{o_1}w_5+\delta_{o_2}w_7)\times out_{h_1}(1-out_{h_1}) =(\sum_o \delta_ow_{ho})\times out_{h_1}(1-out_{h_1}) ,所以整个梯度可以写成\frac{\partial {E_{total}}}{\partial {w_1}}=\delta_{h_1}\times i_1

=======================
上述\delta就是教程Unsupervised Feature Learning and Deep Learning Tutorial 中第三步计算的由来。。


所谓的后向传播,其实就是『将来在宣传传播上出了偏差,你们要负责的!』,每一个节点负责的量用\delta表示,那么,隐藏节点需要负责的量,就由输出节点负责的量一层层往前传导。

参考:
【1】A Step by Step Backpropagation Example
【2】Unsupervised Feature Learning and Deep Learning Tutorial
posted @ 2016-11-02 15:29  xsc906476903  阅读(187)  评论(0编辑  收藏  举报