JUC并发工具包之Semaphore
Semaphore (JDK)
我们使用semaphore
去限制获取特定资源的并发线程数量。
下面的例子中,我们实现了一个简单的登录队列来限制登入系统的用户数量:
class LoginQueueUsingSemaphore {
private Semaphore semaphore;
public LoginQueueUsingSemaphore(int slotLimit) {
semaphore = new Semaphore(slotLimit);
}
boolean tryLogin() {
return semaphore.tryAcquire();
}
void logout() {
semaphore.release();
}
int availableSlots() {
return semaphore.availablePermits();
}
}
注意下我们使用这些方法的方式:
- tryAcquire():如果还有可用的permit(构造方法传入的,表示限制的线程数量)则立即返回true,否则返回false,但是acquire()方法会以阻塞的方式获取一个permit。
- release():释放一个permit。
- availablePermits():返回当前可用的permit数量。
我们来测试一下我们的登录队列,我们首先使用完所有的permit,然后再获取一个看看是否会被阻塞:
@Test
public void givenLoginQueue_whenReachLimit_thenBlocked() {
int slots = 10;
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(slots);
LoginQueueUsingSemaphore loginQueue = new LoginQueueUsingSemaphore(slots);
IntStream.range(0, slots)
.forEach(user -> executorService.execute(loginQueue::tryLogin));
executorService.shutdown();
assertEquals(0, loginQueue.availableSlots());
assertFalse(loginQueue.tryLogin());
}
现在我们logout()一下看看是否有可用的permit:
@Test
public void givenLoginQueue_whenLogout_thenSlotsAvailable() {
int slots = 10;
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(slots);
LoginQueueUsingSemaphore loginQueue = new LoginQueueUsingSemaphore(slots);
IntStream.range(0, slots)
.forEach(user -> executorService.execute(loginQueue::tryLogin));
executorService.shutdown();
assertEquals(0, loginQueue.availableSlots());
loginQueue.logout();
assertTrue(loginQueue.availableSlots() > 0);
assertTrue(loginQueue.tryLogin());
}
结果显而易见。
Timed Semaphore (Apache Commons)
我们现在看看ApacheCommons下实现的TimedSemaphore。TimedSemaphore允许在既定的时间内维护一定数量的Semaphore(这段时间内和JDK实现的Semaphore效果一样),当时间过去后会释放所有的permits。
我们可以使用TimedSemaphore来构建一个简单的延时队列:
class DelayQueueUsingTimedSemaphore {
private TimedSemaphore semaphore;
DelayQueueUsingTimedSemaphore(long period, int slotLimit) {
semaphore = new TimedSemaphore(period, TimeUnit.SECONDS, slotLimit);
}
boolean tryAdd() {
return semaphore.tryAcquire();
}
int availableSlots() {
return semaphore.getAvailablePermits();
}
}
现在我们设置超时时间1秒,在1秒钟之内使用完所有的permit再次尝试获取的时候就会没有可用的permit:
public void givenDelayQueue_whenReachLimit_thenBlocked() {
int slots = 50;
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(slots);
DelayQueueUsingTimedSemaphore delayQueue
= new DelayQueueUsingTimedSemaphore(1, slots);
IntStream.range(0, slots)
.forEach(user -> executorService.execute(delayQueue::tryAdd));
executorService.shutdown();
assertEquals(0, delayQueue.availableSlots());
assertFalse(delayQueue.tryAdd());
}
但是把线程休眠1秒后,这时候semaphore会重置并释放所有的permits
:
@Test
public void givenDelayQueue_whenTimePass_thenSlotsAvailable() throws InterruptedException {
int slots = 50;
ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(slots);
DelayQueueUsingTimedSemaphore delayQueue = new DelayQueueUsingTimedSemaphore(1, slots);
IntStream.range(0, slots)
.forEach(user -> executorService.execute(delayQueue::tryAdd));
executorService.shutdown();
assertEquals(0, delayQueue.availableSlots());
Thread.sleep(1000);
assertTrue(delayQueue.availableSlots() > 0);
assertTrue(delayQueue.tryAdd());
}
Semaphore vs. Mutex
Mutex像是一个二进制的Semaphore,我们可以使用它来实现互斥。
在下面的这个例子中,我们使用一个permit为1的Semaphore来构建一个计数器:
class CounterUsingMutex {
private Semaphore mutex;
private int count;
CounterUsingMutex() {
mutex = new Semaphore(1);
count = 0;
}
void increase() throws InterruptedException {
mutex.acquire();
this.count = this.count + 1;
Thread.sleep(1000);
mutex.release();
}
int getCount() {
return this.count;
}
boolean hasQueuedThreads() {
return mutex.hasQueuedThreads();
}
}
当大量线程同时来操作counter的时候,他们都会在队列中阻塞:
@Test
public void whenMutexAndMultipleThreads_thenBlocked()
throws InterruptedException {
int count = 5;
ExecutorService executorService
= Executors.newFixedThreadPool(count);
CounterUsingMutex counter = new CounterUsingMutex();
IntStream.range(0, count)
.forEach(user -> executorService.execute(() -> {
try {
counter.increase();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}));
executorService.shutdown();
assertTrue(counter.hasQueuedThreads());
}
我们把线程休眠一会后,所有的线程都将能操作counter,这时队列中就没有等待排队的线程了。
@Test
public void givenMutexAndMultipleThreads_ThenDelay_thenCorrectCount()
throws InterruptedException {
int count = 5;
ExecutorService executorService
= Executors.newFixedThreadPool(count);
CounterUsingMutex counter = new CounterUsingMutex();
IntStream.range(0, count)
.forEach(user -> executorService.execute(() -> {
try {
counter.increase();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}));
executorService.shutdown();
assertTrue(counter.hasQueuedThreads());
Thread.sleep(5000);
assertFalse(counter.hasQueuedThreads());
assertEquals(count, counter.getCount());
}