python学习笔记

深拷贝和浅拷贝

import copy
# 深拷贝会创建一个新的对象，属性的独立出来的，之前所复制的属性做出了修改不会被影响
#浅拷贝会创建一个新的对象，对应的属性会跟之前的对象做属性的共享，当之前的属性受到影响做出修改后，新的对象的属性也会受到影响
# 定义一个嵌套对象
obj = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25, 'address': {'city': 'New York'}}
 
# 创建浅拷贝对象
obj_copy = copy.copy(obj)
 
# 创建深拷贝对象
obj_deep_copy = copy.deepcopy(obj)
obj_deep_copy1 = copy.copy(obj)
obj['address']['city'] = 'London'
print(obj)  # {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25, 'address': {'city': 'London'}}
print("深拷贝"+str(obj_deep_copy))  # {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25, 'address': {'city': 'New York'}}
print("浅拷贝"+str(obj_deep_copy1))

Pytest

import sys
 
import pytest
 
 
def inc(x):
    return x+1
 
def test_answer():
    assert inc(4) == 5
 
def test_str():
    assert "a" in "abc"
 
def test_print():
    print(sys.platform)
    assert True
 
params = ["appnium","pytest","selenium"]
@pytest.mark.parametrize("param",[
    ("3+5",8),("2+5",7),("7+5",12)
])
@pytest.mark.parametrize("expected",params)
def test_mark_more(param,expected):
    print(f"param:{param},expected:{expected}")
 
# mark标签用来对测试用例做标记，可以通过标记来做对应的测试用例调用
# pytest -vs -m "mark标签名"
@pytest.mark.add
def test_function_add():
    print("test number add function")
    assert 1+5 == 6
 
@pytest.mark.sub
def test_function_sub():
    print("test number sub function")
    assert 1-5 == -4
 
@pytest.mark.mult
def test_function_mult():
    print("test number mult function")
    assert 1*5 == 5
 
@pytest.mark.divide
def test_function_divide():
    print("test number divide function")
    assert 1/5 == 0.2
 
@pytest.mark.divide
def test_function_divide2():
    print("test number divide function")
    assert 1/10 == 0.1

如果希望没有警告，在项目根目录下创建pytest.ini文件，并输入对应的内容

[pytest]
markers = add
          sub
          mult
          divide
          parametrize
# 跳过这条用例
@pytest.mark.skip
def test_print():
    print("test)
 
# 跳过这条用例并返回原因
@pytest.mark.skip(reason="原因")
def test_print1():
    print("test)
 
# 如果满足条件，就跳过这条用例
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform="win",reason="do not run in windows")
def test_print3():
    print("test)
 
# xfail预期运行失败能够符合预期
@pytest.mark.xfail(reason="原因")
def test_print4():
    print("代码尚未开发完")

pytest test_demo.py -vs --lf
--lf参数：将所有失败的测试用例全部重新执行一次
pytest test_demo.py -vs --ff
--ff参数：先执行所有失败的测试用例，再去执行其他的测试用例
-x参数：用例一旦失败（fail/error），就立刻停止执行
--maxfail=num参数：用例达到num数量
-m参数：运行被标记的标签的用例
-k参数：执行包含某个关键字的测试用例
-v参数：打印详细日志
-s参数：打印输出日志（一般-vs一起使用）
-collect-only（测试平台，pytest 自动导入功能）

def test_raise1():
    with pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError) as exc_info:
        raise ValueError("value must be 42")
    # 获取异常并抛出进行断言
    assert exc_info.type is ValueError
    assert exc_info.value.args[0] == "value must be 42"

数据驱动-yaml

selenium高级交互

鼠标滚轮操作

import time
 
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
 
class TestScroll:
 
    def setup_class(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.implicitly_wait(3)
 
    def teardown_class(self):
        self.driver.quit()
 
    def test_scroll(self):
        # 滚动到对应元素的位置
        self.driver.get("https://ceshiren.com/tag/%E7%B2%BE%E5%8D%8E%E5%B8%96")
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        ele1 = self.driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[text()='毕业设计-针对OB-制品项目业务测试方案']")
        ActionChains(self.driver).scroll_to_element(ele1).perform()
        time.sleep(15)
 
    def test_scroll_to_xy(self):
        # 滚动到对应坐标的位置
        self.driver.get("https://ceshiren.com/tag/%E7%B2%BE%E5%8D%8E%E5%B8%96")
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        ActionChains(self.driver).scroll_by_amount(0,3000).perform()
        time.sleep(10)

鼠标移动操作

import time
 
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
 
class TestMouse:
 
    def setup_class(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.implicitly_wait(3)
 
    def teardown_class(self):
        self.driver.quit()
 
    def test_double_click(self):
        # 鼠标双击操作
        self.driver.get("https://vip.ceshiren.com/#/ui_study/frame")
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        ele = self.driver.find_element(By.ID,"primary_btn")
        ActionChains(self.driver).double_click(ele).perform()
        time.sleep(5)
 
    def test_drag_and_drop(self):
        # 鼠标拖动操作
        self.driver.get("https://vip.ceshiren.com/#/ui_study/action_chains")
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        ele1 = self.driver.find_element(By.ID,"item1")
        ele2 = self.driver.find_element(By.ID,"item3")
        ActionChains(self.driver).drag_and_drop(ele1, ele2).perform()
        time.sleep(5)
 
    def test_move_to_element(self):
        # 鼠标悬浮操作
        self.driver.get("https://vip.ceshiren.com/#/ui_study/action_chains2")
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        ele1 = self.driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME,"title")
        ele2 = self.driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[contains(text(),'管理班')]")
        ActionChains(self.driver)\
            .move_to_element(ele1)\
            .click(ele2)\
            .perform()
        time.sleep(5)

键盘输入操作

import sys
import time
 
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
 
 
class Testweb:
 
    def setup_class(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.implicitly_wait(3)
 
    def teardown_class(self):
        self.driver.quit()
 
    def test_shife(self):
        # 键盘输入带shift按键
        self.driver.get("https://ceshiren.com")
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID,"search-button").click()
        ele = self.driver.find_element(By.ID,"search-term")
        ActionChains(self.driver).key_down(Keys.SHIFT, ele).send_keys("selenium").perform()
        time.sleep(5)
 
    def test_enter_by_send_keys(self):
        # 键盘输入指定内容
        self.driver.get("https://www.sogou.com/")
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID,"query").send_keys("selenium")
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID,"stb").click()
        time.sleep(5)
 
    def test_exit_by_actions(self):
        # 键盘输入指定内容并按回车进行搜索
        self.driver.get("https://www.sogou.com/")
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        ActionChains(self.driver)\
            .key_down(Keys.SHIFT)\
            .send_keys("selenium")\
            .key_down(Keys.ENTER)\
            .perform()
        time.sleep(5)
 
    def test_copy_and_paste(self):
        # 键盘进行copy和paste操作
        self.driver.get("https://www.sogou.com/")
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        if sys.platform == "darwin":
            command_control = Keys.COMMAND
        else:
            command_control = Keys.CONTROL
        ele = self.driver.find_element(By.ID,"query")
        ActionChains(self.driver)\
            .key_down(Keys.SHIFT,ele)\
            .send_keys("selenium")\
            .key_down(Keys.ARROW_LEFT)\
            .key_down(command_control)\
            .send_keys("cvvvv").key_up(command_control).perform()
        time.sleep(5)

多窗口和frame处理

切换页面和切换frame

import time
 
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
 
class TestBaidu:
 
    def setup_class(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.implicitly_wait(3)
        self.driver.maximize_window()
 
    def tear_down(self):
        self.driver.quit()
 
    def test_baidu(self):
        # 切换页面
        self.driver.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
        self.driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "登录").click()
        # print(self.driver.current_window_handle)
        self.driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "立即注册").click()
        windows = self.driver.window_handles
        self.driver.switch_to.window(windows[1])
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID,"TANGRAM__PSP_4__userName").send_keys("username")
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID,"TANGRAM__PSP_4__phone").send_keys("15915420233")
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID,"TANGRAM__PSP_4__password").send_keys("password")
        self.driver.switch_to.window(windows[0])
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "TANGRAM__PSP_11__userName").send_keys("username")
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "TANGRAM__PSP_11__password").send_keys("password")
        time.sleep(5)
 
    def test_switch_to_frame(self):
        # 切换frame后切换回默认frame
        self.driver.get("https://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable")
        self.driver.switch_to.frame("iframeResult")
        print(self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "draggable").text)
        self.driver.switch_to.parent_frame()
        print(self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "submitBTN").text)
        # time.sleep(5)

文件上传及弹窗处理

上传文件

import time
 
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
 
class TestIamge:
    def setup_class(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.implicitly_wait(3)
        self.driver.maximize_window()
 
    def teardown_class(self):
        self.driver.quit()
 
    def test_uploadfile(self):
        # 文件上传
        self.driver.get("https://image.baidu.com/")
        self.driver.find_element(By.XPATH,"//*[@id='sttb']/img[1]").click()
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID,"stfile").send_keys("D:\code_repository\pythonProject\img\img1.jpg")
        time.sleep(5)

弹窗处理

import time
 
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
 
class TestAlert:
    def setup_class(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.implicitly_wait(3)
        self.driver.maximize_window()
 
    def teardown_class(self):
        self.driver.quit()
 
    def test_alert(self):
        # 弹窗处理
        self.driver.get("https://www.runoob.com/try/try.php?filename=jqueryui-api-droppable")
        self.driver.switch_to.frame("iframeResult")
        element = self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "draggable")
        target_element = self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "droppable")
        ActionChains(self.driver).drag_and_drop(element,target_element).perform()
        alert = self.driver.switch_to.alert
        print(alert.text)
        alert.accept()
        time.sleep(5)

获取日志

日志工具类

import logging
 
# 创建logger实例
logger = logging.getLogger('simple_example')
# 设置日志级别
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
# 流处理器
ch = logging.StreamHandler()
ch.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
# 日志打印格式
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
# 添加格式配置
ch.setFormatter(formatter)
# 添加日志配置
logger.addHandler(ch)

打印日志和截图、获取源码

import time
 
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
from log_util import logger
 
 
class TestDataRecord:
    def setup_class(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.implicitly_wait(3)
        self.driver.maximize_window()
 
    def teardown_class(self):
        self.driver.quit()
 
    def test_log_data_record(self):
        # 打印日志
        search_content = "selenium"
        self.driver.get("https://www.sogou.com/")
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "query").send_keys(search_content)
        logger.debug(f"搜索信息为{search_content}")
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "stb").click()
        elements = self.driver.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'em')
        for element in elements:
            logger.info(f"实际结果为{element.text},预期结果为{search_content}")
        time.sleep(5)
 
    def test_screenshot_data_record(self):
        # 保存截图
        search_content = "selenium"
        self.driver.get("https://www.sogou.com/")
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "query").send_keys(search_content)
        logger.debug(f"搜索信息为{search_content}")
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "stb").click()
        elements = self.driver.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'em')
        print(elements)
        for element in elements:
            logger.info(f"实际结果为{element.text},预期结果为{search_content}")
            index_num = str(elements.index(element))
            self.driver.save_screenshot("search_content"+index_num+".jpg")
 
    def test_page_source(self):
        # 保存页面源码
        search_content = "selenium"
        self.driver.get("https://www.sogou.com/")
        self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "query").send_keys(search_content)
        logger.debug(self.driver.page_source)
        with open("../log/log1.html", "x", encoding="u8") as file:
            file.write(self.driver.page_source)

浏览器复用

步骤

1、获取浏览器的路径
image

2、配置环境变量到path
image

3、关闭所有chrome浏览器并关闭进程
cmd运行chrome --remote-debugging-port=9222
4、使用浏览器复用操作

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options
 
# 定义配置的实例对象
option = Options()
# 修改实例属性为debug模式启动的ip+端口
option.debugger_address = "localhost:9222"
# 实例化driver的时候，添加option配置
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=option)
driver.get("https://work.weixin.qq.com/wework_admin/loginpage_wx")

Cookie复用

import json
import time
 
import yaml
from selenium import webdriver
 
 
class TestChromeCookie:
 
    def setup_class(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.maximize_window()
        self.driver.implicitly_wait(3)
 
    def test_get_cookie(self):
        # 获取cookie并把内容写入到文件中
        self.driver.get("https://work.weixin.qq.com/wework_admin/loginpage_wx")
        time.sleep(20)
        cookie = self.driver.get_cookies()
        with open("../cookie/cookie.yaml", "w") as filter:
            yaml.dump(cookie, filter)
        print(cookie)
 
    def test_add_cookie(self):
        # 使用cookie进行登录
        # cookies = self.test_get_cookie()
        self.driver.get("https://work.weixin.qq.com/wework_admin/loginpage_wx")
 
        cookies = yaml.safe_load(open("../cookie/cookie.yaml"))
        for cookie in cookies:
            self.driver.add_cookie(cookie)
        self.driver.get("https://work.weixin.qq.com/wework_admin/loginpage_wx")
        time.sleep(5)

异常截图并导入到报告中

import time
 
import allure
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
 
class TestBaidu:
 
    def setup_class(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.maximize_window()
 
    def tearDown(self):
        self.driver.quit()
 
    def test_baidu(self):
        self.driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")
        try:
            self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "su")
        except Exception:
            print("出现异常啦")
            timestamp = int(time.time())
            # 截图
            image_path = f"../images/image_{timestamp}.png"
            page_source_path = f"../page_source/page_source_{timestamp}.html"
            self.driver.save_screenshot(image_path)
            # 记录page_source
            with open(page_source_path, mode="w", encoding='u8') as f:
                f.write(self.driver.page_source)
            allure.attach.file(image_path, name="picture", attachment_type=allure.attachment_type.PNG)
            allure.attach.file(page_source_path, name="page_source", attachment_type=allure.attachment_type.HTML)
            # 将异常抛出
            raise Exception

通过命令行进行运行生成allure需要加载的内容
pytest python文件路径 --alluredir=./reports
然后通过allure命令进行allure测试报告进行读取
allure serve ./reports

代码优化

import time
 
import allure
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
 
from util.decorators_util import ui_exception_record
 
"""
    把装饰器的架子搭好
    把相关的逻辑嵌套进来
    问题1：
    需要通过driver实例截图/打印page_source，装饰器需要先去获取driver对象
    解决方案：
    1、通过setup_class进行driver对象的声明
    2、在使用driver之前声明driver
    问题2：
    隐藏的Bug：一旦被装饰方法有返回值，会丢失返回值
    解决方法：
    当被装饰方法被执行的时候，添加return
"""
 
 
class TestBaidu:
 
    def setup_class(self):
        self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
        self.driver.maximize_window()
 
    def tear_down(self):
        self.driver.quit()
 
    @ui_exception_record
    def find(self):
        return self.driver.find_element(By.ID, "su1")
 
    # 使用装饰器进行代码优化
    def test_baidu(self):
        self.driver.get("https://www.baidu.com")
        self.find().click()

装饰器工具封装

# 通过装饰器进行优化代码
import allure
 
 
def ui_exception_record(func):
    def inner(*args, **kwargs):
        # 获取被装饰方法的self也就是实例方法
        # 通过self就可以拿到声明的实例变量driver
        # 前提条件：
        # 1、被装饰的方法是一个实例方法
        # 2、实例需要有实例变量self.driver
        try:
            # 当被装饰方法、函数发生异常就捕获并做数据记录
            return func(*args, **kwargs)
        except Exception:
            driver = args[0].driver
            print("出现异常啦")
            timestamp = int(time.time())
            # 截图
            image_path = f"../images/image_{timestamp}.png"
            page_source_path = f"../page_source/page_source_{timestamp}.html"
            driver.save_screenshot(image_path)
            # 记录page_source
            with open(page_source_path, mode="w", encoding='u8') as f:
                f.write(driver.path_source)
            allure.attach.file(image_path, name="picture", attachment_type=allure.attachment_type.PNG)
            allure.attach.file(page_source_path, name="page_source", attachment_type=allure.attachment_type.TEXT)
            # # 将异常抛出
            raise Exception
    return inner

page object设计模式

POM建模原则

字段意义

不要暴露页面内部的元素给外部
不需要建模UI内的所有元素

方法意义

用公共方法代表UI所提供的功能
方法应该返回其他的PageObject或者返回用于断言的数据
同样的行为不同的结果可以建模为不同的方法
不要在方法内加断言

把元素信息和操作细节封装到PageObject类中
根据业务逻辑，在测试用例中链式调用

Django

创建项目方式

访问进入到想要放置项目的地址
终端运行命令
django-admin startproject 项目名

快速上手

确保App已注册 setting.py
在setting.py文件中注册App

from django.apps import AppConfig
 
 
class App01Config(AppConfig):
    default_auto_field = 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'
    name = 'DjangoTryProject'
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'DjangoProject.apps'
]
# 新版本Django不用写方法名 直接写应用名就能够注册

编写url和视图函数对应关系 ursl.py
如果访问 域名/index/，将会找到view中的index方法并执行index方法

from DjangoTryProject import view
 
urlpatterns = [
    # path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('index/', view.index),
]

image

编写视图函数

from django.http import HttpResponse
 
 
def index(request):
    return HttpResponse("欢迎使用Django")

启动Django项目
命令行方式

python manager.py runserver

pycharm直接运行

跟前端文件联动

创建一个templates文件夹，里面放需要使用的前端html文件

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>测试Django</title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>用户列表</h1>
  </body>
</html>
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.shortcuts import render
 
 
def index(request):
    return HttpResponse("欢迎使用Django")
 
def user_list(request):
    return render(request, "user_list.html")

静态文件

放到static文件夹并用文件夹区分好
image.png

静态文件引入

{% load static %}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>测试Django</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>用户列表</h1>
</body>
 
<script src="{% static 'js/jquery.js' %}"></script>
</html>

模版语法

通过在html文件中填写占位符，然后由数据对这些占位符进行替换和处理

def tpl(request):
    name = "tpl测试"
    roles = ["admin","user","CES"]
    user_info = {"name":"郭嘉","salary":2000,"role":"CTO"}
    data_list = [
        {"name": "曹操", "salary": 2000, "role": "CTO"},
        {"name": "郭嘉", "salary": 2000, "role": "CTO"},
        {"name": "张飞", "salary": 2000, "role": "CTO"}
    ]
    return render(request, "tpl.html", {"n1":name,"n2":roles,"n3":user_info,"n4":data_list})
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>tpl</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>模版语法的学习</h1>
<div>{{ n1 }}</div>
<div>
    {% for item in n2 %}
        <span>{{ item }}</span>
    {%  endfor %}
</div>
<hr>
 
<ul>
    {% for item in n3.values %}
    	<li>{{ item }}</li>
    {% endfor %}
</ul>
<hr>
{{ n4 }}
{{ n4.0.name }}
{{ n4.0.salary }}
{{ n4.0.role }}
<hr>
{% for foo in n4 %}
	<div>{{ foo.name }}</div>
    <div>{{ foo.salary }}</div>
    <div>{{ foo.role }}</div>
{% endfor %}
 
<hr>
{% if n1 == "tpl测试" %}
	<div>tpl测试</div>
{% else %}
    <div>tpl测试失败</div>
{% endif %}
 
</body>
</html>

模版语法实战

def news(request):
    import requests
    result = requests.get(
        url="https://i.news.qq.com/gw/event/pc_hot_ranking_list?ids_hash=&offset=0&page_size=50&appver=15.5_qqnews_7.1.60&rank_id=hot"
    )
    data_list = result.json()["idlist"][0]["newslist"]
    return render(request, "news.html", {"result": data_list})
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>腾讯新闻</title>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
    {% for foo in result %}
        <li>{{ foo.id }}</li>
        <li>{{ foo.articletype }}</li>
        <li>{{ foo.picShowType }}</li>
        <li>{{ foo.title }}</li>
    {% endfor %}
</ul>
 
{{ result }}
 
</body>
</html>

用户访问逻辑

用户访问地址，会到urls.py匹配到对应的方法，然后到view.py中找到这个方法，再又这个方法的模版页面替换里面的数据，然后再渲染给用户
image.png

获取url的传参

  • request.GET方法能够获取param
  • request.POST方法能够获取到POST请求的请求体
  • request.method方法能够获取请求方式

return的内容

  • redirect重定向
  • render方法页面模版
  • HttpResponse响应

提交表单

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/login/" method="post" >
    {% csrf_token %}
    <input type="text" name="user" placeholder="用户名">
    <input type="password" name="password" placeholder="密码">
    <input type="submit" value="提交">{{ error_message }}
</form>
</body>
</html>

表单提交的时候，需要在form中补充{% csrf_token %}才不会报错
{{ error_message }}如果需要出现报错信息，就可以在方法中补充传值

def login(request):
    if request.method == "GET":
        return render(request, "login.html")
    user = request.POST.get("user")
    password = request.POST.get("password")
    if user == "root" and password == "1234":
        print(request.POST)
        return render(request, "login.html", {"error_message":"登录成功"})
    else:
        return render(request, "login.html", {"error_message":"用户名或密码错误"})

数据库操作

Django开发操作数据库更简单，内部提供了ORM框架

安装第三方模块mysqlclient
pip install mysqlclient
ORM作用
  • 不用亲自写SQL语句
  • 创建修改删除数据库中的表（无法创建database）
  • 操作表中的数据
Django连接数据库
DATABASES = {
    "default": {
        "ENGINE": "django.db.backends.mysql",#使用的引擎包
        "NAME": "",#数据库database名称
        "USER": "",#数据库账号
        "PASSWORD": "",#数据库密码
        "HOST": "",#本地ip
        "PORT": "",#端口号
    }
}
创建表
from django.db import models
 
"""
    自动运行以下代码
    create table DjangoProject_userinfo(
        id bigint primary key autoincrement,
        name varchar(32),
        password varchar(64),
        age int
    )
"""
class User_info(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    age = models.IntegerField()
    password = models.CharField(max_length=64)
    text = models.CharField(max_length=16)
    textname = models.CharField(max_length=16,default=2)
    # 如果希望字段可以为空，可以传参null=True,blank=True
    #如果要在已有的表里面新增字段，需要添加默认值，或者新增字段的时候赋予默认值
    #如果需要删除表， 直接删除class就可以
 
class department(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=16)
 
class role(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=16)

cmd运行（大前提：App必须已经注册）

python.exe .\manage.py makemigrations APP名称
python.exe .\manage.py migrate
# 如果出现了报错django.db.utils.NotSupportedError: MySQL 8 or later is required (found 5.5.27).
# 可以访问到C:\Users\方振钦\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python39\Lib\site-packages\django\db\backends\base下的bash.py文件中
# 找到self.check_database_version_supported()并注释掉
新建数据
department.object.create(name="销售部")
# 运行python manage.py migrate，会在mysql中生成数据
# 不能用python manage.py makemigrations来运行，会生成两份数据
def orm(request):
    if request.method == 'GET':
        return render(request, "orm.html")
    username = request.POST.get("name")
    age = request.POST.get("age")
    password = request.POST.get("password")
    text = request.POST.get("text")
    #插入数据
    User_info.objects.create(name= username, age = age, password =password, text = text)
    #删除id=1的数据
    User_info.objects.filter(id="1").delete()
    #删除表中全部的数据
    User_info.objects.all().delete()
    #获取数据
    userObject = User_info.objects
    user_list = User_info.objects.all()
    for user in user_list:
        print(user.name, user.password, user.age, user.text)
    # print(user_list)
    userObject.filter(id=1).update(password = 123123)
    first = userObject.filter(id=1).first()
    print(first.name, first.age, first.text, first.password)
    return HttpResponse("上传成功")
 
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>orm</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/orm/" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    <input type="text" placeholder="name" name="name">
    <input type="text" placeholder="age" name="age">
    <input type="password" placeholder="password" name="password">
    <input type="text" placeholder="text" name="text">
    <input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>
</body>
</html>
posted @   倒影先生  阅读(11)  评论(0)  编辑  收藏  举报
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