Python的__getattr__方法学习
内容部分来自网络
__getattr__函数的作用: 如果属性查找(attribute lookup)在实例以及对应的类中(通过__dict__)失败, 那么会调用到类的__getattr__函数;
如果没有定义这个函数,那么抛出AttributeError异常。由此可见,__getattr__一定是作用于属性查找的最后一步
举个栗子:
1 class A(object): 2 def __init__(self, a, b): 3 self.a1 = a 4 self.b1 = b 5 print('init') 6 7 def mydefault(self, *args): 8 print('default:' + str(args[0])) 9 10 def __getattr__(self, name): 11 print("other fn:", name) 12 return self.mydefault 13 14 15 a1 = A(10, 20) 16 a1.fn1(33) 17 a1.fn2('hello')
运行结果:
init other fn: fn1 default:33 other fn: fn2 default:hello
第16行调用fn1属性时,查找不到次属性,程序调用__getattr__方法
用__getattr__方法可以处理调用属性异常
class Student(object): def __getattr__(self, attrname): if attrname == "age": return 'age:40' else: raise AttributeError(attrname) x = Student() print(x.age) # 40 print(x.name)
这里定义一个Student类和实例x,并没有属性age,当执行x.age,就调用_getattr_方法动态创建一个属性,执行x.name时,__getattr__方法没有对其处理,抛出异常
age:40 File "XXXX.py", line 10, in <module> print(x.name) File "XXXX.py", line 6, in __getattr__ raise AttributeError(attrname) AttributeError: name
下面展示一个_getattr_经典应用的例子,可以调用dict的键值对
class ObjectDict(dict): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(ObjectDict, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) def __getattr__(self, name): value = self[name] if isinstance(value, dict): value = ObjectDict(value) return value if __name__ == '__main__': od = ObjectDict(asf = {'a': 1}, d = True) print(od.asf, od.asf.a) # {'a': 1} 1 print(od.d) # True