Oracle中的Null(再提)
http://www.adp-gmbh.ch/ora/misc/null.html
NULL in Oracle | ||
A column in a table can be defined with the not null constraint. See also NULLs and boolean operators Empty stringOracle treats the empty string ('') as null. This is not ansi compliant. Consequently, the length of an emtpy string is null, not 0. Null means unknown valueThe value null can be regarded as an unknown value. Therefore, the following select statement returns null: This is because five plus seven plus an unknown value plus nine is of course unknown as well, hence Oracle returns null. However, aggregate functions such as sum() disregard nulls and return the sum of all non-null values. Truth tableIn the following, I create a truth table for booleans and the operators and and or. I create a table to insert booleans. create table booleans ( bool varchar2(5) ); Because I cannot store booleans directly in a table, I use varchar2 as the column type and insert the english names for the booleans: insert into booleans values ('true');
insert into booleans values ('false');
insert into booleans values ('null');
Then, I compare every boolean to every other and print the truth table: declare
bool_1 boolean;
bool_2 boolean;
bool_and boolean;
bool_or boolean;
res_and varchar2(5);
res_or varchar2(5);
function string_to_bool(str in varchar2) return boolean is begin
return case when str = 'true' then true
when str = 'false' then false
when str = 'null' then null end;
end;
function bool_to_str(bool in boolean) return varchar2 is begin
return case when bool = true then 'true'
when bool = false then 'false'
when bool is null then 'null' end;
end;
begin
dbms_output.put_line('bool1 bool2| and or');
dbms_output.put_line('------------+-------------');
for b1 in (select bool from booleans) loop
for b2 in (select bool from booleans) loop
bool_1 := string_to_bool(b1.bool);
bool_2 := string_to_bool(b2.bool);
bool_and := bool_1 AND bool_2;
bool_or := bool_1 OR bool_2;
res_and := bool_to_str(bool_and);
res_or := bool_to_str(bool_or );
dbms_output.put_line(lpad(b1.bool, 5) || ' ' ||
lpad(b2.bool, 5) || '| ' ||
lpad(res_and, 5) || ' ' ||
lpad(res_or , 5));
end loop; end loop;
end;
/
bool1 bool2| and or ------------+------------- true true| true true true false| false true true null| null true false true| false true false false| false false false null| false null null true| null true null false| false null null null| null null As can be seen, for example, false and null is false. This makes sense because null, being an unknown value, could in this this context either be true or false. Both false and trueand false and false are false, hence false and null is certainly false as well. On the other hand, false or null is null because the result is true for false or true and false for false or false, hence the expression's value is unknown, or null. |
