第七章 Kubernetes进阶之Ingress
Ingress
1.Pod与Ingress的关系
- 通过service相关联
- 通过Ingress Controller实现Pod负载均衡
- 支持TCP/UDP 4层和7层
访问流程
用户->Ingress controller->Pod
部署参考文档：https://github.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx/blob/master/docs/deploy/index.md
下载ingress-nginx配置文件
1 | wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx/master/deploy/static/mandatory.yaml |
PS：如果无法下载在本机hosts添加一行配置
1 | 151.101.108.133 raw.githubusercontent.com |
下载后修改
应用
1 | kubectl apply -f mandatory.yaml |
排错：应用以后使用命令查看显示为空 本次拍错参考文档：https://www.cnblogs.com/Dev0ps/p/10778328.html
1 2 | # kubectl get pod -n ingress-nginxNo resources found. |
修改kube-controller-manager配置文件记录日志
查看错误日志kube-controller-manager.ERROR发现以下报错
1 | E0310 08:55:56.869874 13765 replica_set.go:450] Sync "ingress-nginx/nginx-ingress-controller-5648d4586f" failed with pods "nginx-ingress-controller-5648d4586f-884bb" is forbidden: SecurityContext.RunAsUser is forbidden |
修改kube-apiserver配置文件增加配置
1 | --enable-admission-plugins=NamespaceLifecycle,LimitRanger,ServiceAccount,ResourceQuota,NodeRestriction \ |
重启kube-apiserver
1 | systemctl restart kube-apiserver |
应用以后查看
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | # kubectl get pod,ns -n ingress-nginxNAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGEpod/nginx-ingress-controller-5648d4586f-nhzm5 1/1 Running 0 20sNAME STATUS AGEnamespace/default Active 15hnamespace/ingress-nginx Active 20snamespace/kube-public Active 15hnamespace/kube-system Active 15h |
查看该pod分配到哪个node节点上
因为配置文件配置hostNetwork=true使用宿主机网络所以在对应节点会监听80和443端口
对应节点不要有其他应用程序占用这两个端口
2.Ingress Controller
控制器已经部署好了，需要定义ingress规则定义域名访问
创建测试示例，最小示例可以在官方网站下载https://kubernetes.io/zh/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress/
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 | # cat ingress.yaml apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1kind: Ingressmetadata: name: simple-fanout-example annotations: nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /spec: rules: #定义访问域名 - host: foo.bar.com http: paths: #访问根目录 - path: / backend: #转发到哪个server下 serviceName: my-service servicePort: 80 |
该ingrss对应的service必须存在，如果没有使用以下命令创建，service端口也需要对应80
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | #创建deploymentkubectl run my-service --image=nginx --port=80#创建service对应刚刚创建的deployment my-servicekubectl expose deployment my-service --port=80 --target-port=80 --type=NodePort#查看是否创建成功# kubectl get svcNAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGEkubernetes ClusterIP 10.0.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 17hmy-service NodePort 10.0.0.130 <none> 80:42291/TCP 99s |
应用ingress
1 2 | # kubectl apply -f ingress.yaml ingress.extensions/simple-fanout-example created |
查看
1 2 3 | # kubectl get ingressNAME HOSTS ADDRESS PORTS AGEsimple-fanout-example foo.bar.com 80 62s |
对应的name是 simple-fanout-example
对应的域名是 foo.bar.com
对应的ADDRESS为空 是转发到backend对应的后端
在主机设置hosts即可使用域名访问nginx
ingress控制器使用nginx进行负载均衡，进入控制器
1 | kubectl exec -it nginx-ingress-controller-74cf54575-gt9mm bash -n ingress-nginx |
1 | ps -ef|grep nginx |
查看nginx配置文件
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worker_connections 16384; use epoll;}http { lua_package_path "/etc/nginx/lua/?.lua;;"; lua_shared_dict balancer_ewma 10M; lua_shared_dict balancer_ewma_last_touched_at 10M; lua_shared_dict balancer_ewma_locks 1M; lua_shared_dict certificate_data 20M; lua_shared_dict certificate_servers 5M; lua_shared_dict configuration_data 20M; init_by_lua_block { collectgarbage("collect") -- init modules local ok, res ok, res = pcall(require, "lua_ingress") if not ok then error("require failed: " .. tostring(res)) else lua_ingress = res lua_ingress.set_config({ use_forwarded_headers = false, use_proxy_protocol = false, is_ssl_passthrough_enabled = false, http_redirect_code = 308, listen_ports = { ssl_proxy = "442", https = "443" }, hsts = true, hsts_max_age = 15724800, hsts_include_subdomains = true, hsts_preload = false, }) end ok, res = pcall(require, "configuration") if not ok then error("require failed: " .. tostring(res)) else configuration = res end ok, res = pcall(require, "balancer") if not ok then error("require failed: " .. tostring(res)) else balancer = res end ok, res = pcall(require, "monitor") if not ok then error("require failed: " .. tostring(res)) else monitor = res end ok, res = pcall(require, "certificate") if not ok then error("require failed: " .. tostring(res)) else certificate = res end ok, res = pcall(require, "plugins") if not ok then error("require failed: " .. tostring(res)) else plugins = res end -- load all plugins that'll be used here plugins.init({}) } init_worker_by_lua_block { lua_ingress.init_worker() balancer.init_worker() monitor.init_worker() plugins.run() } geoip_country /etc/nginx/geoip/GeoIP.dat; geoip_city /etc/nginx/geoip/GeoLiteCity.dat; geoip_org /etc/nginx/geoip/GeoIPASNum.dat; geoip_proxy_recursive on; aio threads; aio_write on; tcp_nopush on; tcp_nodelay on; log_subrequest on; reset_timedout_connection on; keepalive_timeout 75s; keepalive_requests 100; client_body_temp_path /tmp/client-body; fastcgi_temp_path /tmp/fastcgi-temp; proxy_temp_path /tmp/proxy-temp; ajp_temp_path /tmp/ajp-temp; client_header_buffer_size 1k; client_header_timeout 60s; large_client_header_buffers 4 8k; client_body_buffer_size 8k; client_body_timeout 60s; http2_max_field_size 4k; http2_max_header_size 16k; http2_max_requests 1000; http2_max_concurrent_streams 128; types_hash_max_size 2048; server_names_hash_max_size 1024; server_names_hash_bucket_size 32; map_hash_bucket_size 64; proxy_headers_hash_max_size 512; proxy_headers_hash_bucket_size 64; variables_hash_bucket_size 256; variables_hash_max_size 2048; underscores_in_headers off; ignore_invalid_headers on; limit_req_status 503; limit_conn_status 503; include /etc/nginx/mime.types; default_type text/html; gzip on; gzip_comp_level 5; gzip_http_version 1.1; gzip_min_length 256; gzip_types application/atom+xml application/javascript application/x-javascript application/json application/rss+xml application/vnd.ms-fontobject application/x-font-ttf application/x-web-app-manifest+json application/xhtml+xml application/xml font/opentype image/svg+xml image/x-icon text/css text/javascript text/plain text/x-component; gzip_proxied any; gzip_vary on; # Custom headers for response server_tokens on; # disable warnings uninitialized_variable_warn off; # Additional available variables: # $namespace # $ingress_name # $service_name # $service_port log_format upstreaminfo '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" $status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" "$http_user_agent" $request_length $request_time [$proxy_upstream_name] [$proxy_alternative_upstream_name] $upstream_addr $upstream_response_length $upstream_response_time $upstream_status $req_id'; map $request_uri $loggable { default 1; } access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log upstreaminfo if=$loggable; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log notice; resolver 114.114.114.114 8.8.8.8 valid=30s ipv6=off; # See https://www.nginx.com/blog/websocket-nginx map $http_upgrade $connection_upgrade { default upgrade; # See http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_upstream_module.html#keepalive '' ''; } # Reverse proxies can detect if a client provides a X-Request-ID header, and pass it on to the backend server. # If no such header is provided, it can provide a random value. map $http_x_request_id $req_id { default $http_x_request_id; "" $request_id; } # Create a variable that contains the literal $ character. # This works because the geo module will not resolve variables. geo $literal_dollar { default "$"; } server_name_in_redirect off; port_in_redirect off; ssl_protocols TLSv1.2; ssl_early_data off; # turn on session caching to drastically improve performance ssl_session_cache builtin:1000 shared:SSL:10m; ssl_session_timeout 10m; # allow configuring ssl session tickets ssl_session_tickets on; # slightly reduce the time-to-first-byte ssl_buffer_size 4k; # allow configuring custom ssl ciphers ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384'; ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; ssl_ecdh_curve auto; # PEM sha: 9f4bba529d99741566ce35e96beba9d3da375481 ssl_certificate /etc/ingress-controller/ssl/default-fake-certificate.pem; ssl_certificate_key /etc/ingress-controller/ssl/default-fake-certificate.pem; proxy_ssl_session_reuse on; upstream upstream_balancer { ### Attention!!! # # We no longer create "upstream" section for every backend. # Backends are handled dynamically using Lua. If you would like to debug # and see what backends ingress-nginx has in its memory you can # install our kubectl plugin https://kubernetes.github.io/ingress-nginx/kubectl-plugin. # Once you have the plugin you can use "kubectl ingress-nginx backends" command to # inspect current backends. # ### server 0.0.0.1; # placeholder balancer_by_lua_block { balancer.balance() } keepalive 32; keepalive_timeout 60s; keepalive_requests 100; } # Cache for internal auth checks proxy_cache_path /tmp/nginx-cache-auth levels=1:2 keys_zone=auth_cache:10m max_size=128m inactive=30m use_temp_path=off; # Global filters ## start server _ server { server_name _ ; listen 80 default_server reuseport backlog=511 ; listen 443 default_server reuseport backlog=511 ssl http2 ; set $proxy_upstream_name "-"; ssl_certificate_by_lua_block { certificate.call() } location / { set $namespace ""; set $ingress_name ""; set $service_name ""; set $service_port ""; set $location_path "/"; rewrite_by_lua_block { lua_ingress.rewrite({ force_ssl_redirect = false, ssl_redirect = false, force_no_ssl_redirect = false, use_port_in_redirects = false, }) balancer.rewrite() plugins.run() } # be careful with `access_by_lua_block` and `satisfy any` directives as satisfy any # will always succeed when there's `access_by_lua_block` that does not have any lua code doing `ngx.exit(ngx.DECLINED)` # other authentication method such as basic auth or external auth useless - all requests will be allowed. #access_by_lua_block { #} header_filter_by_lua_block { lua_ingress.header() plugins.run() } body_filter_by_lua_block { } log_by_lua_block { balancer.log() monitor.call() plugins.run() } access_log off; port_in_redirect off; set $balancer_ewma_score -1; set $proxy_upstream_name "upstream-default-backend"; set $proxy_host $proxy_upstream_name; set $pass_access_scheme $scheme; set $pass_server_port $server_port; set $best_http_host $http_host; set $pass_port $pass_server_port; set $proxy_alternative_upstream_name ""; client_max_body_size 1m; proxy_set_header Host $best_http_host; # Pass the extracted client certificate to the backend # Allow websocket connections proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade; proxy_set_header Connection $connection_upgrade; proxy_set_header X-Request-ID $req_id; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Host $best_http_host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Port $pass_port; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $pass_access_scheme; proxy_set_header X-Scheme $pass_access_scheme; # Pass the original X-Forwarded-For proxy_set_header X-Original-Forwarded-For $http_x_forwarded_for; # mitigate HTTPoxy Vulnerability # https://www.nginx.com/blog/mitigating-the-httpoxy-vulnerability-with-nginx/ proxy_set_header Proxy ""; # Custom headers to proxied server proxy_connect_timeout 5s; proxy_send_timeout 60s; proxy_read_timeout 60s; proxy_buffering off; proxy_buffer_size 4k; proxy_buffers 4 4k; proxy_max_temp_file_size 1024m; proxy_request_buffering on; proxy_http_version 1.1; proxy_cookie_domain off; proxy_cookie_path off; # In case of errors try the next upstream server before returning an error proxy_next_upstream error timeout; proxy_next_upstream_timeout 0; proxy_next_upstream_tries 3; proxy_pass http://upstream_balancer; proxy_redirect off; } # health checks in cloud providers require the use of port 80 location /healthz { access_log off; return 200; } # this is required to avoid error if nginx is being monitored # with an external software (like sysdig) location /nginx_status { allow 127.0.0.1; deny all; access_log off; stub_status on; } } ## end server _ ## start server foo.bar.com server { server_name foo.bar.com ; listen 80 ; listen 443 ssl http2 ; set $proxy_upstream_name "-"; ssl_certificate_by_lua_block { certificate.call() } location / { set $namespace "default"; set $ingress_name "simple-fanout-example"; set $service_name "my-service"; set $service_port "80"; set $location_path "/"; rewrite_by_lua_block { lua_ingress.rewrite({ force_ssl_redirect = false, ssl_redirect = true, force_no_ssl_redirect = false, use_port_in_redirects = false, }) balancer.rewrite() plugins.run() } # be careful with `access_by_lua_block` and `satisfy any` directives as satisfy any # will always succeed when there's `access_by_lua_block` that does not have any lua code doing `ngx.exit(ngx.DECLINED)` # other authentication method such as basic auth or external auth useless - all requests will be allowed. #access_by_lua_block { #} header_filter_by_lua_block { lua_ingress.header() plugins.run() } body_filter_by_lua_block { } log_by_lua_block { balancer.log() monitor.call() plugins.run() } port_in_redirect off; set $balancer_ewma_score -1; set $proxy_upstream_name "default-my-service-80"; set $proxy_host $proxy_upstream_name; set $pass_access_scheme $scheme; set $pass_server_port $server_port; set $best_http_host $http_host; set $pass_port $pass_server_port; set $proxy_alternative_upstream_name ""; client_max_body_size 1m; proxy_set_header Host $best_http_host; # Pass the extracted client certificate to the backend # Allow websocket connections proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade; proxy_set_header Connection $connection_upgrade; proxy_set_header X-Request-ID $req_id; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Host $best_http_host; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Port $pass_port; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $pass_access_scheme; proxy_set_header X-Scheme $pass_access_scheme; # Pass the original X-Forwarded-For proxy_set_header X-Original-Forwarded-For $http_x_forwarded_for; # mitigate HTTPoxy Vulnerability # https://www.nginx.com/blog/mitigating-the-httpoxy-vulnerability-with-nginx/ proxy_set_header Proxy ""; # Custom headers to proxied server proxy_connect_timeout 5s; proxy_send_timeout 60s; proxy_read_timeout 60s; proxy_buffering off; proxy_buffer_size 4k; proxy_buffers 4 4k; proxy_max_temp_file_size 1024m; proxy_request_buffering on; proxy_http_version 1.1; proxy_cookie_domain off; proxy_cookie_path off; # In case of errors try the next upstream server before returning an error proxy_next_upstream error timeout; proxy_next_upstream_timeout 0; proxy_next_upstream_tries 3; proxy_pass http://upstream_balancer; proxy_redirect off; } } ## end server foo.bar.com # backend for when default-backend-service is not configured or it does not have endpoints server { listen 8181 default_server reuseport backlog=511; set $proxy_upstream_name "internal"; access_log off; location / { return 404; } } # default server, used for NGINX healthcheck and access to nginx stats server { listen 127.0.0.1:10246; set $proxy_upstream_name "internal"; keepalive_timeout 0; gzip off; access_log off; location /healthz { return 200; } location /is-dynamic-lb-initialized { content_by_lua_block { local configuration = require("configuration") local backend_data = configuration.get_backends_data() if not backend_data then ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR) return end ngx.say("OK") ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_OK) } } location /nginx_status { stub_status on; } location /configuration { client_max_body_size 21m; client_body_buffer_size 21m; proxy_buffering off; content_by_lua_block { configuration.call() } } location / { content_by_lua_block { ngx.exit(ngx.HTTP_NOT_FOUND) } } }}stream { lua_package_path "/etc/nginx/lua/?.lua;/etc/nginx/lua/vendor/?.lua;;"; lua_shared_dict tcp_udp_configuration_data 5M; init_by_lua_block { collectgarbage("collect") -- init modules local ok, res ok, res = pcall(require, "configuration") if not ok then error("require failed: " .. tostring(res)) else configuration = res end ok, res = pcall(require, "tcp_udp_configuration") if not ok then error("require failed: " .. tostring(res)) else tcp_udp_configuration = res end ok, res = pcall(require, "tcp_udp_balancer") if not ok then error("require failed: " .. tostring(res)) else tcp_udp_balancer = res end } init_worker_by_lua_block { tcp_udp_balancer.init_worker() } lua_add_variable $proxy_upstream_name; log_format log_stream '[$remote_addr] [$time_local] $protocol $status $bytes_sent $bytes_received $session_time'; access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log log_stream ; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; upstream upstream_balancer { server 0.0.0.1:1234; # placeholder balancer_by_lua_block { tcp_udp_balancer.balance() } } server { listen 127.0.0.1:10247; access_log off; content_by_lua_block { tcp_udp_configuration.call() } } # TCP services # UDP services } |
3.Ingress（HTTP与HTTPS）
实现基于https需要定义ssl
生成自签名证书
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 | # cat certs.sh cat > ca-config.json <<EOF{ "signing": { "default": { "expiry": "87600h" }, "profiles": { "kubernetes": { "expiry": "87600h", "usages": [ "signing", "key encipherment", "server auth", "client auth" ] } } }}EOFcat > ca-csr.json <<EOF{ "CN": "kubernetes", "key": { "algo": "rsa", "size": 2048 }, "names": [ { "C": "CN", "L": "Beijing", "ST": "Beijing", "O": "k8s", "OU": "System" } ]}EOFcfssl gencert -initca ca-csr.json | cfssljson -bare ca -#-----------------------cat > sslexample.foo.com-csr.json <<EOF{ "CN": "sslexample.foo.com", "hosts": [], "key": { "algo": "rsa", "size": 2048 }, "names": [ { "C": "CN", "L": "BeiJing", "ST": "BeiJing", "O": "k8s", "OU": "System" } ]}EOFcfssl gencert -ca=ca.pem -ca-key=ca-key.pem -config=ca-config.json -profile=kubernetes sslexample.foo.com-csr.json | cfssljson -bare sslexample.foo.com |
运行脚本生成
1 | sh cert.sh |
创建的以下证书
创建证书至k8s
1 | kubectl create secret tls sslexample-foo-com --cert=sslexample.foo.com.pem --key=sslexample.foo.com-key.pem |
查看，是在默认命名空间default
1 2 3 4 | # kubectl get secretNAME TYPE DATA AGEdefault-token-ctcb9 kubernetes.io/service-account-token 3 20hsslexample-foo-com kubernetes.io/tls 2 3m20s |
创建ingrss配置文件
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 | # cat ingress-https.yaml apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1kind: Ingressmetadata: name: tls-example-ingressspec: tls: - hosts: - sslexample.foo.com #证书名，需要和刚刚导入的证书名对应 secretName: sslexample-foo-com rules: - host: sslexample.foo.com http: paths: - path: / backend: serviceName: my-service servicePort: 80 |
应用
1 | kubectl apply -f ingress-https.yaml |
查看
1 2 3 4 | # kubectl get ingressNAME HOSTS ADDRESS PORTS AGEsimple-fanout-example foo.bar.com 80 171mtls-example-ingress sslexample.foo.com 80, 443 4m7s |
设置hosts以后使用https://域名 访问，因为是自签名证书不受浏览器信任，需要添加信任
如果指定的证书没有，则k8s会自动颁发一个证书
Ingress高可用
上面配置的副本数为1个那么启动该pod的node只会是集群中的一台node主机，也只会在该主机启动80 443端口，无法实现高可用
我们只是解决了集群对外提供服务的功能，并没有对ingress进行高可用的部署，Ingress高可用，我们可以通过修改deploment的副本数来实现高可用，但是对于ingress承载着整个集群流量的接入，所以在生产环境中，建议把ingres通过DaemonSet的方式部署集群，而且该节点打上污点不允许业务pod进行调度，以避免业务应用于Ingress服务发生资源争抢。然后通过SLB把ingress节点主机添加为后端服务器，进行流量转发。
高可用配置参考：https://www.cnblogs.com/minseo/p/12171687.html
小结
Ingress
1，四层，七层负载均衡
2，支持自定义Serverice访问策略
3，只支持域名的网站访问
4，支持TLS
2024-02-04补充
设置了一个ingress对应的是禅道应用在访问的时候页面出现503，后台看禅道访问日志是没有收到请求的
1 | 503 Service Temporarily Unavailable |
原因：之前在不同的命名空间设置了相同的ingress，删除之前设置的ingress即可，在设置相同的ingress使用apply应用配置文件时没有报错，导致排查困难
2024-02-29补充
如果ingress从一个命名空间迁移至另外一个命名空间则原ingress需要删除即使不在同一个命名空间也需要删除否则外网无法访问
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