Spring入门系列-依赖注入
依赖注入
概念
- 依赖注入
- 依赖:指的是Bean对象的创建依赖于容器,Bean对象的依赖资源
- 注入:指的是Bean对象所依赖的资源,由配置容器来设置和装配
Set注入
要求被注入的属性,必须要有set方法,set方法的方法名是由set+属性首字母大写,如果属性是boolean类型,1没有set属性,是is
测试pojo类 :
Address.java
package com.dreamcold.demo.pojo;
public class Address {
private String address;
public String getAddress() {
return address;
}
public void setAddress(String address) {
this.address = address;
}
}
Student.java
package com.dreamcold.demo.pojo;
import java.util.*;
public class Student {
private String name;
private Address address;
private String[] books;
private List<String> hobbys;
private Map<String,String> card;
private Set<String> games;
private String wife;
private Properties info;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public Address getAddress() {
return address;
}
public void setAddress(Address address) {
this.address = address;
}
public String[] getBooks() {
return books;
}
public void setBooks(String[] books) {
this.books = books;
}
public List<String> getHobbys() {
return hobbys;
}
public void setHobbys(List<String> hobbys) {
this.hobbys = hobbys;
}
public Map<String, String> getCard() {
return card;
}
public void setCard(Map<String, String> card) {
this.card = card;
}
public Set<String> getGames() {
return games;
}
public void setGames(Set<String> games) {
this.games = games;
}
public String getWife() {
return wife;
}
public void setWife(String wife) {
this.wife = wife;
}
public Properties getInfo() {
return info;
}
public void setInfo(Properties info) {
this.info = info;
}
public void show(){
System.out.println("name="+ name
+ ",address="+ address.getAddress()
+ ",books="
);
for (String book:books){
System.out.print("<<"+book+">>\t");
}
System.out.println("\n爱好:"+hobbys);
System.out.println("card:"+card);
System.out.println("games:"+games);
System.out.println("wife:"+wife);
System.out.println("info:"+info);
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Student{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", address=" + address +
", books=" + Arrays.toString(books) +
", hobbys=" + hobbys +
", card=" + card +
", games=" + games +
", wife='" + wife + '\'' +
", info=" + info +
'}';
}
}
常量注入
<bean id="student" class="com.dreamcold.demo.pojo.Student">
<property name="name" value="xiaoming"></property>
</bean>
测试
package com.dreamcold.demo;
import com.dreamcold.demo.pojo.Student;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class HelloTest {
@Test
public void test(){
ApplicationContext context=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");
//我们的对象都在Spring中管理
Student student=(Student)context.getBean("student");
System.out.println(student);
}
}
Bean的注入
注意点:这里的值是一个引用,ref
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd">
<bean id="student" class="com.dreamcold.demo.pojo.Student">
<property name="name" value="xiaoming"></property>
<property name="address" ref="addr"></property>
</bean>
<bean id="addr" class="com.dreamcold.demo.pojo.Address">
<property name="address" value="ChongQing"></property>
</bean>
</beans>
数组的注入
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd">
<bean id="student" class="com.dreamcold.demo.pojo.Student">
<property name="name" value="xiaoming"></property>
<property name="address" ref="addr"></property>
<property name="books">
<array>
<value>西游记</value>
<value>红楼梦</value>
<value>水浒传</value>
</array>
</property>
</bean>
<bean id="addr" class="com.dreamcold.demo.pojo.Address">
<property name="address" value="ChongQing"></property>
</bean>
</beans>
List注入
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd">
<bean id="student" class="com.dreamcold.demo.pojo.Student">
<property name="name" value="xiaoming"></property>
<property name="address" ref="addr"></property>
<property name="books">
<array>
<value>西游记</value>
<value>红楼梦</value>
<value>水浒传</value>
</array>
</property>
<property name="hobbys">
<list>
<value>
听歌
</value>
<value>
看电影
</value>
<value>
爬山
</value>
</list>
</property>
</bean>
<bean id="addr" class="com.dreamcold.demo.pojo.Address">
<property name="address" value="ChongQing"></property>
</bean>
</beans>
Map注入
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd">
<bean id="student" class="com.dreamcold.demo.pojo.Student">
<property name="name" value="xiaoming"></property>
<property name="address" ref="addr"></property>
<property name="books">
<array>
<value>西游记</value>
<value>红楼梦</value>
<value>水浒传</value>
</array>
</property>
<property name="hobbys">
<list>
<value>
听歌
</value>
<value>
看电影
</value>
<value>
爬山
</value>
</list>
</property>
<property name="card">
<map>
<entry key="中国邮政" value="1234567"></entry>
<entry key="建设银行" value="1223334"></entry>
</map>
</property>
</bean>
<bean id="addr" class="com.dreamcold.demo.pojo.Address">
<property name="address" value="ChongQing"></property>
</bean>
</beans>
Set注入
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd">
<bean id="student" class="com.dreamcold.demo.pojo.Student">
<property name="name" value="xiaoming"></property>
<property name="address" ref="addr"></property>
<property name="books">
<array>
<value>西游记</value>
<value>红楼梦</value>
<value>水浒传</value>
</array>
</property>
<property name="hobbys">
<list>
<value>
听歌
</value>
<value>
看电影
</value>
<value>
爬山
</value>
</list>
</property>
<property name="card">
<map>
<entry key="中国邮政" value="1234567"></entry>
<entry key="建设银行" value="1223334"></entry>
</map>
</property>
<property name="games">
<set>
<value>LOL</value>
<value>王者荣耀</value>
<value>吃鸡</value>
</set>
</property>
</bean>
<bean id="addr" class="com.dreamcold.demo.pojo.Address">
<property name="address" value="ChongQing"></property>
</bean>
</beans>
NULL值注入
<property name="wife">
<null></null>
</property>
Properties注入
<property name="info">
<props>
<prop key="姓名">小明</prop>
<prop key="性别">男</prop>
<prop key="学号">123355</prop>
</props>
</property>
测试结果
p命名和c命名注入
User.java :【注意:这里没有有参构造器!】
package com.dreamcold.demo.pojo;
public class User {
private String name;
private int age;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "User{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
", age=" + age +
'}';
}
}
1、P命名空间注入 : 需要在头文件中加入约束文件
导入约束 : xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
<bean id="user" class="com.dreamcold.demo.pojo.User" p:name="yujian" p:age="12">
</bean>
2、c 命名空间注入 : 需要在头文件中加入约束文件
导入约束 : xmlns:c="http://www.springframework.org/schema/c"
<bean id="myuser" class="com.dreamcold.demo.pojo.User" c:name="yujian" c:age="12">
</bean>
发现问题:爆红了,刚才我们没有写有参构造!
解决:把有参构造器加上,这里也能知道,c 就是所谓的构造器注入!
测试代码:
package com.dreamcold.demo;
import com.dreamcold.demo.pojo.User;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
public class HelloTest {
@Test
public void test(){
ApplicationContext context=new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");
//我们的对象都在Spring中管理
User user=(User)context.getBean("myuser");
System.out.println(user);
}
}
Bean的作用域
在Spring中,那些组成应用程序的主体及由Spring IoC容器所管理的对象,被称之为bean。简单地讲,bean就是由IoC容器初始化、装配及管理的对象 .
几种作用域中,request、session作用域仅在基于web的应用中使用(不必关心你所采用的是什么web应用框架),只能用在基于web的Spring ApplicationContext环境。
Singleton
当一个bean的作用域为Singleton,那么Spring IoC容器中只会存在一个共享的bean实例,并且所有对bean的请求,只要id与该bean定义相匹配,则只会返回bean的同一实例。Singleton是单例类型,就是在创建起容器时就同时自动创建了一个bean的对象,不管你是否使用,他都存在了,每次获取到的对象都是同一个对象。注意,Singleton作用域是Spring中的缺省作用域。要在XML中将bean定义成singleton,可以这样配置:
<bean id="ServiceImpl" class="cn.csdn.service.ServiceImpl" scope="singleton">
测试:
@Test
public void test03(){
ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
User user = (User) context.getBean("user");
User user2 = (User) context.getBean("user");
System.out.println(user==user2);
}
Prototype
当一个bean的作用域为Prototype,表示一个bean定义对应多个对象实例。Prototype作用域的bean会导致在每次对该bean请求(将其注入到另一个bean中,或者以程序的方式调用容器的getBean()方法)时都会创建一个新的bean实例。Prototype是原型类型,它在我们创建容器的时候并没有实例化,而是当我们获取bean的时候才会去创建一个对象,而且我们每次获取到的对象都不是同一个对象。根据经验,对有状态的bean应该使用prototype作用域,而对无状态的bean则应该使用singleton作用域。在XML中将bean定义成prototype,可以这样配置:
<bean id="account" class="com.foo.DefaultAccount" scope="prototype"/>
或者
<bean id="account" class="com.foo.DefaultAccount" singleton="false"/>
Request
当一个bean的作用域为Request,表示在一次HTTP请求中,一个bean定义对应一个实例;即每个HTTP请求都会有各自的bean实例,它们依据某个bean定义创建而成。该作用域仅在基于web的Spring ApplicationContext情形下有效。考虑下面bean定义:
<bean id="loginAction" class=cn.csdn.LoginAction" scope="request"/>
针对每次HTTP请求,Spring容器会根据loginAction bean的定义创建一个全新的LoginAction bean实例,且该loginAction bean实例仅在当前HTTP request内有效,因此可以根据需要放心的更改所建实例的内部状态,而其他请求中根据loginAction bean定义创建的实例,将不会看到这些特定于某个请求的状态变化。当处理请求结束,request作用域的bean实例将被销毁。
Session
当一个bean的作用域为Session,表示在一个HTTP Session中,一个bean定义对应一个实例。该作用域仅在基于web的Spring ApplicationContext情形下有效。考虑下面bean定义:
<bean id="userPreferences" class="com.foo.UserPreferences" scope="session"/>
针对某个HTTP Session,Spring容器会根据userPreferences bean定义创建一个全新的userPreferences bean实例,且该userPreferences bean仅在当前HTTP Session内有效。与request作用域一样,可以根据需要放心的更改所创建实例的内部状态,而别的HTTP Session中根据userPreferences创建的实例,将不会看到这些特定于某个HTTP Session的状态变化。当HTTP Session最终被废弃的时候,在该HTTP Session作用域内的bean也会被废弃掉。
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