Flask-SQLAlchemy
认识Flask-SQLAlchemy
- Flask-SQLAlchemy 是一个为 Flask 应用增加 SQLAlchemy 支持的扩展。它致力于简化在 Flask 中 SQLAlchemy 的使用。
- SQLAlchemy 是目前python中最强大的 ORM框架, 功能全面, 使用简单。
ORM优缺点
优点
- 有语法提示, 省去自己拼写SQL，保证SQL语法的正确性
- orm提供方言功能(dialect, 可以转换为多种数据库的语法), 减少学习成本
- 防止sql注入攻击
- 搭配数据迁移, 更新数据库方便
- 面向对象, 可读性强, 开发效率高
缺点
- 需要语法转换, 效率比原生sql低
- 复杂的查询往往语法比较复杂 (可以使用原生sql替换)
环境安装
pip install flask-sqlalchemy
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- flask-sqlalchemy 在安装/使用过程中, 如果出现 ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'MySQLdb’错误, 则表示缺少mysql依赖包, 可依次尝试下列两个方案后重试:
方案1: 安装 mysqlclient依赖包 (如果失败再尝试方案2)
pip install mysqlclient
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方案2: 安装pymysql依赖包
pip install pymysql
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mysqlclient 和 pymysql 都是用于mysql访问的依赖包, 前者由C语言实现的, 而后者由python实现, 前者的执行效率比后者更高, 但前者在windows系统中兼容性较差, 工作中建议优先前者。
组件初始化
基本配置
flask-sqlalchemy 的相关配置也封装到了 flask 的配置项中, 可以通过app.config属性 或 配置加载方案 (如config.from_object) 进行设置
- 数据库URI(连接地址)格式: 协议名://用户名:密码@数据库IP:端口号/数据库名, 如:
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql://root:mysql@127.0.0.1:3306/test31'
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注意点
- 如果数据库驱动使用的是 pymysql, 则协议名需要修改为
mysql+pymysql://xxxxxxx
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from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(name)
# 设置数据库连接地址
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql://root:mysql@127.0.0.1:3306/test31'
# 是否追踪数据库修改(开启后会触发一些钩子函数) 一般不开启, 会影响性能
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = False
# 是否显示底层执行的SQL语句
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_ECHO'] = True
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两种初始化方式
.方式1
flask-sqlalchemy 支持两种组件初始化方式:
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(name)
# 应用配置
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql://root:mysql@127.0.0.1:3306/test31'
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = False
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_ECHO'] = True
# 方式1: 初始化组件对象, 直接关联Flask应用
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
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方式2: 先创建组件, 延后关联Flass应用
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
# 方式2: 初始化组件对象, 延后关联Flask应用
db = SQLAlchemy()
def create_app(config_type):
"""工厂函数"""
<span class="token comment"># 创建应用</span>
flask_app <span class="token operator">=</span> Flask<span class="token punctuation">(</span>__name__<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># 加载配置</span>
config_class <span class="token operator">=</span> config_dict<span class="token punctuation">[</span>config_type<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
flask_app<span class="token punctuation">.</span>config<span class="token punctuation">.</span>from_object<span class="token punctuation">(</span>config_class<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># 关联flask应用</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>init_app<span class="token punctuation">(</span>app<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> flask_app
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构建模型类
flask-sqlalchemy 的关系映射和 Django-orm 类似
- 类 对应 表
- 类属性 对应 字段
- 实例对象 对应 记录
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(name)
# 相关配置
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql://root:mysql@127.0.0.1:3306/test31'
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = False
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_ECHO'] = True
# 创建组件对象
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
# 构建模型类 类->表 类属性->字段 实例对象->记录
class User(db.Model):
tablename = 't_user' # 设置表名, 表名默认为类名小写
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True) # 设置主键, 默认自增
name = db.Column('username', db.String(20), unique=True) # 设置字段名 和 唯一约束
age = db.Column(db.Integer, default=10, index=True) # 设置默认值约束 和 索引
if name == 'main':
# 删除所有继承自db.Model的表
db.drop_all()
# 创建所有继承自db.Model的表
db.create_all()
app.run(debug=True)
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注意点
- 模型类必须继承 db.Model, 其中 db 指对应的组件对象
- 表名默认为类名小写, 可以通过 __tablename__类属性 进行修改
- 类属性对应字段, 必须是通过 db.Column() 创建的对象
- 可以通过 create_all() 和 drop_all()方法 来创建和删除所有模型类对应的表
常用的字段类型
常用的字段选项
注意点: 如果没有给对应字段的类属性设置default参数, 且添加数据时也没有给该字段赋值, 则sqlalchemy会给该字段设置默认值 None
数据操作
增加数据
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(name)
# 相关配置
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql://root:mysql@127.0.0.1:3306/test31'
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = False
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_ECHO'] = True
# 创建组件对象
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
# 构建模型类
class User(db.Model):
tablename = 't_user'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
name = db.Column('username', db.String(20), unique=True)
age = db.Column(db.Integer, index=True)
@app.route('/')
def index():
"""增加数据"""
<span class="token comment"># 1.创建模型对象</span>
user1 <span class="token operator">=</span> User<span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'zs'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> age<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># user1.name = 'zs'</span>
<span class="token comment"># user1.age = 20</span>
<span class="token comment"># 2.将模型对象添加到会话中 </span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>add<span class="token punctuation">(</span>user1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># 添加多条记录</span>
<span class="token comment"># db.session.add_all([user1, user2, user3])</span>
<span class="token comment"># 3.提交会话 (会提交事务)</span>
<span class="token comment"># sqlalchemy会自动创建隐式事务</span>
<span class="token comment"># 事务失败会自动回滚</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>commit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"index"</span>
if name == 'main':
db.drop_all()
db.create_all()
app.run(debug=True)
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注意点:
- 这里的 会话 并不是 状态保持机制中的 session，而是 sqlalchemy 的会话。它被设计为 数据操作的执行者, 从SQL角度则可以理解为是一个 加强版的数据库事务
- sqlalchemy 会 自动创建事务, 并将数据操作包含在事务中, 提交会话时就会提交事务
- 事务提交失败会自动回滚
查询数据
# hm_03_数据查询.py
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(name)
# 相关配置
app.config["SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI"] = "mysql://root:mysql@127.0.0.1:3306/test31"
app.config["SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS"] = False
app.config["SQLALCHEMY_ECHO"] = False
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
# 自定义类 继承db.Model 对应 表
class User(db.Model):
tablename = "users" # 表名 默认使用类名的小写
# 定义类属性 记录字段
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
name = db.Column(db.String(64))
email = db.Column(db.String(64))
age = db.Column(db.Integer)
<span class="token keyword">def</span> <span class="token function">__repr__</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> <span class="token comment"># 自定义 交互模式 & print() 的对象打印</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"(%s, %s, %s, %s)"</span> <span class="token operator">%</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>self<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>name<span class="token punctuation">,</span> self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>email<span class="token punctuation">,</span> self<span class="token punctuation">.</span>age<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
@app.route('/')
def index():
"""
查询所有用户数据
查询有多少个用户
查询第1个用户
查询id为4的用户[3种方式]
查询名字结尾字符为g的所有用户[开始 / 包含]
查询名字和邮箱都以li开头的所有用户[2种方式]
查询age是25 或者 `email`以`itheima.com`结尾的所有用户
查询名字不等于wang的所有用户[2种方式]
查询id为[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]的用户
所有用户先按年龄从小到大, 再按id从大到小排序, 取前5个
查询年龄从小到大第2-5位的数据
分页查询, 每页3个, 查询第2页的数据
查询每个年龄的人数 select age, count(name) from t_user group by age 分组聚合
只查询所有人的姓名和邮箱 优化查询 默认使用select *
"""</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">'index'</span>
if name == 'main':
# 删除所有表
db.drop_all()
# 创建所有表
db.create_all()
# 添加测试数据
user1 = User(name='wang', email='wang@163.com', age=20)
user2 = User(name='zhang', email='zhang@189.com', age=33)
user3 = User(name='chen', email='chen@126.com', age=23)
user4 = User(name='zhou', email='zhou@163.com', age=29)
user5 = User(name='tang', email='tang@itheima.com', age=25)
user6 = User(name='wu', email='wu@gmail.com', age=25)
user7 = User(name='qian', email='qian@gmail.com', age=23)
user8 = User(name='liu', email='liu@itheima.com', age=30)
user9 = User(name='li', email='li@163.com', age=28)
user10 = User(name='sun', email='sun@163.com', age=26)
<span class="token comment"># 一次添加多条数据</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>add_all<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>user1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> user2<span class="token punctuation">,</span> user3<span class="token punctuation">,</span> user4<span class="token punctuation">,</span> user5<span class="token punctuation">,</span> user6<span class="token punctuation">,</span> user7<span class="token punctuation">,</span> user8<span class="token punctuation">,</span> user9<span class="token punctuation">,</span> user10<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>commit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
app<span class="token punctuation">.</span>run<span class="token punctuation">(</span>debug<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
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# 查询所有用户数据
User.query.all() 返回列表, 元素为模型对象
# 查询有多少个用户
User.query.count()
# 查询第1个用户
User.query.first() 返回模型对象/None
# 查询id为4的用户[3种方式]
# 方式1: 根据id查询 返回模型对象/None
User.query.get(4)
# 方式2: 等值过滤器 关键字实参设置字段值 返回BaseQuery对象
# BaseQuery对象可以续接其他过滤器/执行器 如 all/count/first等
User.query.filter_by(id=4).all()
# 方式3: 复杂过滤器 参数为比较运算/函数引用等 返回BaseQuery对象
User.query.filter(User.id == 4).first()
# 查询名字结尾字符为g的所有用户[开始 / 包含]
User.query.filter(User.name.endswith("g")).all()
User.query.filter(User.name.startswith("w")).all()
User.query.filter(User.name.contains("n")).all()
User.query.filter(User.name.like("w%n%g")).all() # 模糊查询
# 查询名字和邮箱都以li开头的所有用户[2种方式]
User.query.filter(User.name.startswith('li'), User.email.startswith('li')).all()
from sqlalchemy import and_
User.query.filter(and_(User.name.startswith('li'), User.email.startswith('li'))).all()
# 查询age是25 或者 email以itheima.com结尾的所有用户
from sqlalchemy import or_
User.query.filter(or_(User.age==25, User.email.endswith("itheima.com"))).all()
# 查询名字不等于wang的所有用户[2种方式]
from sqlalchemy import not_
User.query.filter(not_(User.name == 'wang')).all()
User.query.filter(User.name != 'wang').all()
# 查询id为[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]的用户
User.query.filter(User.id.in_([1, 3, 5, 7, 9])).all()
# 所有用户先按年龄从小到大, 再按id从大到小排序, 取前5个
User.query.order_by(User.age, User.id.desc()).limit(5).all()
# 查询年龄从小到大第2-5位的数据 2 3 4 5
User.query.order_by(User.age).offset(1).limit(4).all()
# 分页查询, 每页3个, 查询第2页的数据 paginate(页码, 每页条数)
pn = User.query.paginate(2, 3)
pn.pages 总页数 pn.page 当前页码 pn.items 当前页的数据 pn.total 总条数
# 查询每个年龄的人数 select age, count(name) from t_user group by age 分组聚合
from sqlalchemy import func
data = db.session.query(User.age, func.count(User.id).label("count")).group_by(User.age).all()
for item in data:
# print(item[0], item[1])
print(item.age, item.count) # 建议通过label()方法给字段起别名, 以属性方式获取数据
# 只查询所有人的姓名和邮箱 优化查询 User.query.all() # 相当于select *
from sqlalchemy.orm import load_only
data = User.query.options(load_only(User.name, User.email)).all() # flask-sqlalchem的语法
for item in data:
print(item.name, item.email)
data = db.session.query(User.name, User.email).all() # sqlalchemy本体的语法
for item in data:
print(item.name, item.email)
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更新数据
flask-sqlalchemy 提供了两种更新数据的方案
- 先查询, 再更新
对应SQL中的 先select, 再update - 基于过滤条件的更新 (推荐方案)
对应SQL中的 update xx where xx = xx (也称为 update子查询 )
先查询, 再更新
这种方式的缺点
- 查询和更新分两条语句, 效率低
- 如果并发更新, 可能出现更新丢失问题(Lost Update)
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(name)
# 相关配置
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql://root:mysql@127.0.0.1:3306/test31'
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = False
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_ECHO'] = True
# 创建组件对象
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
# 构建模型类 商品表
class Goods(db.Model):
tablename = 't_good' # 设置表名
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True) # 设置主键
name = db.Column(db.String(20), unique=True) # 商品名称
count = db.Column(db.Integer) # 剩余数量
@app.route('/')
def purchase():
"""购买商品"""
<span class="token comment"># 更新方式1: 先查询后更新</span>
<span class="token comment"># 缺点: 并发情况下, 容易出现更新丢失问题 (Lost Update)</span>
<span class="token comment"># 1.执行查询语句, 获取目标模型对象</span>
goods <span class="token operator">=</span> Goods<span class="token punctuation">.</span>query<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">filter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Goods<span class="token punctuation">.</span>name <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">'方便面'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>first<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># 2.对模型对象的属性进行赋值 (更新数据)</span>
goods<span class="token punctuation">.</span>count <span class="token operator">=</span> goods<span class="token punctuation">.</span>count <span class="token operator">-</span> <span class="token number">1</span>
<span class="token comment"># 3.提交会话</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>commit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"index"</span>
if name == 'main':
# 删除所有继承自db.Model的表
db.drop_all()
# 创建所有继承自db.Model的表
db.create_all()
<span class="token comment"># 添加一条测试数据</span>
goods <span class="token operator">=</span> Goods<span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'方便面'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> count<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>add<span class="token punctuation">(</span>goods<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>commit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
app<span class="token punctuation">.</span>run<span class="token punctuation">(</span>debug<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
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基于过滤条件的更新
这种方式的优点:
- 一条语句, 被网络IO影响程度低, 执行效率更高
- 查询和更新在一条语句中完成, 单条SQL具有原子性, 不会出现更新丢失问题
- 会对满足过滤条件的所有记录进行更新, 可以实现批量更新处理
操作步骤如下:
- 配合 查询过滤器filter() 和 更新执行器update() 进行数据更新
- 提交会话
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(name)
# 相关配置
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql://root:mysql@127.0.0.1:3306/test31'
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = False
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_ECHO'] = True
# 创建组件对象
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
# 构建模型类 商品表
class Goods(db.Model):
tablename = 't_good'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
name = db.Column(db.String(20), unique=True)
count = db.Column(db.Integer)
@app.route('/')
def purchase():
"""购买商品"""
<span class="token comment"># 更新方式2: update子查询 可以避免更新丢失问题 </span>
<span class="token comment"># update t_good set count = count - 1 where name = '方便面';</span>
Goods<span class="token punctuation">.</span>query<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">filter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Goods<span class="token punctuation">.</span>name <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">'方便面'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>update<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">{<!-- --></span><span class="token string">'count'</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> Goods<span class="token punctuation">.</span>count <span class="token operator">-</span> <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># 提交会话</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>commit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"index"</span>
if name == 'main':
# 重置数据库数据
db.drop_all()
db.create_all()
<span class="token comment"># 添加一条测试数据</span>
goods <span class="token operator">=</span> Goods<span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'方便面'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> count<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>add<span class="token punctuation">(</span>goods<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>commit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
app<span class="token punctuation">.</span>run<span class="token punctuation">(</span>debug<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
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删除数据
类似更新数据, 也存在两种删除数据的方案
先查询, 再删除
- 对应SQL中的 先select, 再delete
基于过滤条件的删除 (推荐方案)
- 对应SQL中的 delete xx where xx = xx (也称为 delete子查询 )
这种方式的缺点:
- 查询和删除分两条语句, 效率低
@app.route('/del')
def delete():
"""删除数据"""
<span class="token comment"># 方式1: 先查后删除</span>
goods <span class="token operator">=</span> Goods<span class="token punctuation">.</span>query<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">filter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Goods<span class="token punctuation">.</span>name <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">'方便面'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>first<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># 删除数据</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>delete<span class="token punctuation">(</span>goods<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># 提交会话 增删改都要提交会话</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>commit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"index"</span>
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基于过滤条件的删除
这种方式的优点:
- 一条语句, 被网络IO影响程度低, 执行效率更高
- 会对满足过滤条件的所有记录进行删除, 可以实现批量删除处理
操作步骤如下:
- 配合 查询过滤器filter() 和 删除执行器delete() 进行数据删除
- 提交会话
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(name)
# 相关配置
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql://root:mysql@127.0.0.1:3306/test31'
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = False
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_ECHO'] = True
# 创建组件对象
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
# 构建模型类 商品表
class Goods(db.Model):
tablename = 't_good'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
name = db.Column(db.String(20), unique=True)
count = db.Column(db.Integer)
@app.route('/del')
def delete():
"""删除数据"""
<span class="token comment"># 方式2: delete子查询</span>
Goods<span class="token punctuation">.</span>query<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">filter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Goods<span class="token punctuation">.</span>name <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">'方便面'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>delete<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># 提交会话</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>commit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"index"</span>
if name == 'main':
# 重置数据库数据
db.drop_all()
db.create_all()
<span class="token comment"># 添加一条测试数据</span>
goods <span class="token operator">=</span> Goods<span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'方便面'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> count<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>add<span class="token punctuation">(</span>goods<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>commit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
app<span class="token punctuation">.</span>run<span class="token punctuation">(</span>debug<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
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- 增删改操作都需要提交会话, 对应事务中进行数据库变化后提交事务
刷新数据
- Session 被设计为数据操作的执行者, 会先将操作产生的数据保存到内存中
- 在执行 flush刷新操作 后, 数据操作才会同步到数据库中
- 有两种情况下会 隐式执行刷新操作
提交会话
执行查询操作 (包括 update 和 delete 子查询)
开发者也可以 手动执行刷新操作 session.flush()
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(name)
# 相关配置
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql://root:mysql@127.0.0.1:3306/test31'
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = False
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_ECHO'] = True
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
# 构建模型类
class Goods(db.Model):
tablename = 't_good'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
name = db.Column(db.String(20), unique=True)
count = db.Column(db.Integer)
@app.route('/')
def purchase():
goods <span class="token operator">=</span> Goods<span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'方便面'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> count<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>add<span class="token punctuation">(</span>goods<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># 主动执行flush操作, 立即执行SQL操作(数据库同步)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>flush<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># Goods.query.count() # 查询操作会自动执行flush操作</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>commit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token comment"># 提交会话会自动执行flush操作</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"index"</span>
if name == 'main':
db.drop_all()
db.create_all()
app<span class="token punctuation">.</span>run<span class="token punctuation">(</span>debug<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
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多表查询
案例中包含两个模型类: User用户模型 和 Address地址模型, 并且一个用户可以有多个地址, 两张表之间存在一对多关系
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(name)
# 相关配置
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql://root:mysql@127.0.0.1:3306/test31'
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = False
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_ECHO'] = False
# 创建组件对象
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
# 用户表 主表(一) 一个用户可以有多个地址
class User(db.Model):
tablename = 't_user'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
name = db.Column(db.String(20))
# 地址表 从表(多)
class Address(db.Model):
tablename = 't_adr'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
detail = db.Column(db.String(20))
user_id = db.Column(db.Integer) # 定义外键
@app.route('/')
def index():
"""添加并关联数据"""
user1 = User(name='张三')
db.session.add(user1)
db.session.flush() # 需要手动执行flush操作, 让主表生成主键, 否则外键关联失败
# db.session.commit() # 有些场景下, 为了保证数据操作的原子性不能分成多个事务进行操作
adr1 <span class="token operator">=</span> Address<span class="token punctuation">(</span>detail<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'中关村3号'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> user_id<span class="token operator">=</span>user1<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
adr2 <span class="token operator">=</span> Address<span class="token punctuation">(</span>detail<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'华强北5号'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> user_id<span class="token operator">=</span>user1<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>add_all<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>adr1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> adr2<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>commit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"index"</span>
if name == 'main':
db.drop_all()
db.create_all()
app<span class="token punctuation">.</span>run<span class="token punctuation">(</span>debug<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
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关联查询
关联查询步骤: (以主查从为例)
- 先查询主表数据
- 再通过外键字段查询 关联的从表数据
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(name)
# 相关配置
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql://root:mysql@127.0.0.1:3306/test31'
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = False
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_ECHO'] = False
# 创建组件对象
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
# 用户表 一 一个用户可以有多个地址
class User(db.Model):
tablename = 't_user'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
name = db.Column(db.String(20))
# 地址表 多
class Address(db.Model):
tablename = 't_adr'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
detail = db.Column(db.String(20))
user_id = db.Column(db.Integer) # 定义外键
@app.route('/demo')
def demo():
"""查询多表数据 需求: 查询姓名为"张三"的所有地址信息"""
<span class="token comment"># 1.先根据姓名查找到主表主键</span>
user1 <span class="token operator">=</span> User<span class="token punctuation">.</span>query<span class="token punctuation">.</span>filter_by<span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'张三'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>first<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># 2.再根据主键到从表查询关联地址</span>
adrs <span class="token operator">=</span> Address<span class="token punctuation">.</span>query<span class="token punctuation">.</span>filter_by<span class="token punctuation">(</span>user_id<span class="token operator">=</span>user1<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">all</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> adr <span class="token keyword">in</span> adrs<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>adr<span class="token punctuation">.</span>detail<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"demo"</span>
@app.route('/')
def index():
"""添加并关联数据"""
user1 <span class="token operator">=</span> User<span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'张三'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>add<span class="token punctuation">(</span>user1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>flush<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
adr1 <span class="token operator">=</span> Address<span class="token punctuation">(</span>detail<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'中关村3号'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> user_id<span class="token operator">=</span>user1<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
adr2 <span class="token operator">=</span> Address<span class="token punctuation">(</span>detail<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'华强北5号'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> user_id<span class="token operator">=</span>user1<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>add_all<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>adr1<span class="token punctuation">,</span> adr2<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>commit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"index"</span>
if name == 'main':
db.drop_all()
db.create_all()
app<span class="token punctuation">.</span>run<span class="token punctuation">(</span>debug<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
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关系属性
关系属性是 sqlalchemy 封装的一套查询关联数据的语法, 其目的为 让开发者使用 面向对象的形式 方便快捷的获取关联数据
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(name)
# 相关配置
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql://root:mysql@127.0.0.1:3306/test31'
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = False
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_ECHO'] = False
# 创建组件对象
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
# 用户表 一 一个用户可以有多个地址
class User(db.Model):
tablename = 't_user'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
name = db.Column(db.String(20))
addresses = db.relationship('Address') # 1.定义关系属性 relationship("关联数据所在的模型类")
# 地址表 多
class Address(db.Model):
tablename = 't_adr'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
detail = db.Column(db.String(20))
# 2. 外键字段设置外键参数 db.ForeignKey('主表名.主键')
user_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('t_user.id'))
@app.route('/')
def index():
"""添加数据"""
user1 = User(name='张三')
db.session.add(user1)
db.session.flush()
adr1 = Address(detail='中关村3号', user_id=user1.id)
adr2 = Address(detail='华强北5号', user_id=user1.id)
db.session.add_all([adr1, adr2])
db.session.commit()
<span class="token triple-quoted-string string">"""查询多表数据 需求: 查询姓名为"张三"的所有地址信息"""</span>
<span class="token comment"># 先根据姓名查找用户主键</span>
user1 <span class="token operator">=</span> User<span class="token punctuation">.</span>query<span class="token punctuation">.</span>filter_by<span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'张三'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>first<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token comment"># 3.使用关系属性获取关系数据</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> address <span class="token keyword">in</span> user1<span class="token punctuation">.</span>addresses<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>address<span class="token punctuation">.</span>detail<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"index"</span>
if name == 'main':
# 重置所有继承自db.Model的表
db.drop_all()
db.create_all()
app<span class="token punctuation">.</span>run<span class="token punctuation">(</span>debug<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
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连接查询
- 开发中有 联表查询需求 时, 一般会使用 join连接查询
- sqlalchemy 也提供了对应的查询语法
db.session.query(主表模型字段1, 主表模型字段2, 从表模型字段1, xx.. ).join(从表模型类, 主表模型类.主键 == 从表模型类.外键)
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- join语句 属于查询过滤器, 返回值也是 BaseQuery 类型对象
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(name)
# 相关配置
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql://root:mysql@127.0.0.1:3306/test31'
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = False
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_ECHO'] = False
# 创建组件对象
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
# 用户表 一
class User(db.Model):
tablename = 't_user'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
name = db.Column(db.String(20))
# 地址表 多
class Address(db.Model):
tablename = 't_adr'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
detail = db.Column(db.String(20))
user_id = db.Column(db.Integer) # 定义外键
@app.route('/demo')
def demo():
"""查询多表数据 需求: 查询姓名为"张三"的用户id和地址信息"""
<span class="token comment"># sqlalchemy的join查询</span>
data <span class="token operator">=</span> db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>query<span class="token punctuation">(</span>User<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> Address<span class="token punctuation">.</span>detail<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>join<span class="token punctuation">(</span>Address<span class="token punctuation">,</span> User<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">id</span> <span class="token operator">==</span> Address<span class="token punctuation">.</span>user_id<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">filter</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>User<span class="token punctuation">.</span>name <span class="token operator">==</span> <span class="token string">'张三'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">all</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">for</span> item <span class="token keyword">in</span> data<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token keyword">print</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>item<span class="token punctuation">.</span>detail<span class="token punctuation">,</span> item<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token builtin">id</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"demo"</span>
@app.route('/')
def index():
"""添加数据"""
user1 = User(name='张三')
db.session.add(user1)
db.session.flush()
adr1 = Address(detail='中关村3号', user_id=user1.id)
adr2 = Address(detail='华强北5号', user_id=user1.id)
db.session.add_all([adr1, adr2, user1])
db.session.commit()
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">'index'</span>
if name == 'main':
db.drop_all()
db.create_all()
app<span class="token punctuation">.</span>run<span class="token punctuation">(</span>debug<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
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关联查询的性能优化
- 通过前边的学习, 可以发现 无论使用 外键 还是 关系属性 查询关联数据, 都需要查询两次, 一次查询用户数据, 一次查询地址数据
- 两次查询就需要发送两次请求给数据库服务器, 如果数据库和web应用不在一台服务器中, 则 网络IO会对查询效率产生一定影响
- 可以考虑使用 连接查询 join 使用一条语句就完成关联数据的查询
# 使用join语句优化关联查询
adrs = Address.query.join(User, Address.user_id == User.id).filter(User.name == '张三').all() # 列表中包含地址模型对象
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Session机制
生命周期
flask-sqlalchemy 对于 sqlalchemy本体 的 Session 进行了一定的封装:
Session的生命周期和请求相近
- 请求中的首次数据操作会创建Session
- 整个请求过程中使用的Session为同一个, 并且线程隔离
- 请求结束时会自动销毁Session(释放内存)
Session和事务
- Session中可以包含多个事务, 提交事务失败后, 会自动执行SQL的回滚操作
- 同一个请求中, 想要在前一个事务失败的情况下创建新的事务, 必须先手动回滚事务 Session.rollback
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
app = Flask(name)
# 相关配置
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql://root:mysql@127.0.0.1:3306/toutiao'
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = False
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_ECHO'] = True
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
# 构建模型类
class User(db.Model):
tablename = 't_user'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
name = db.Column('username', db.String(20), unique=True)
age = db.Column(db.Integer, default=0, index=True)
@app.route('/')
def index():
<span class="token triple-quoted-string string">"""事务1"""</span>
<span class="token keyword">try</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>
user1 <span class="token operator">=</span> User<span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'zs'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> age<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">20</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>add<span class="token punctuation">(</span>user1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>commit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">except</span> BaseException<span class="token punctuation">:</span>
<span class="token comment"># 手动回滚 同一个session中, 前一个事务如果失败, 必须手动回滚, 否则无法创建新的事务</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>rollback<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token triple-quoted-string string">"""事务2"""</span>
user1 <span class="token operator">=</span> User<span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">'lisi'</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> age<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token number">30</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>add<span class="token punctuation">(</span>user1<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
db<span class="token punctuation">.</span>session<span class="token punctuation">.</span>commit<span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"index"</span>
if name == 'main':
"""为了进行测试, 首次运行 建表并添加一条测试数据后, 注释下方代码, 并重新运行测试"""
<span class="token comment"># 重置所有继承自db.Model的表</span>
<span class="token comment"># db.drop_all()</span>
<span class="token comment"># db.create_all()</span>
<span class="token comment"># 添加一条测试数据</span>
<span class="token comment"># user1 = User(name='zs', age=20)</span>
<span class="token comment"># db.session.add(user1)</span>
<span class="token comment"># db.session.commit()</span>
app<span class="token punctuation">.</span>run<span class="token punctuation">(</span>debug<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token boolean">True</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
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数据迁移
- flask-migrate组件 为flask-sqlalchemy提供了数据迁移功能, 以便进行数据库升级, 如增加字段、修改字段类型等
- 安装组件 pip install flask-migrate
# hm_数据迁移.py
from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
from flask_migrate import Migrate
app = Flask(name)
# 相关配置
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'mysql://root:mysql@127.0.0.1:3306/test32'
app.config['SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS'] = False
# SQlalchemy组件初始化
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
# 迁移组件初始化
Migrate(app, db)
# 构建模型类
class User(db.Model):
tablename = 't_user'
id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True)
name = db.Column('username', db.String(20), unique=True)
# age= db.Column(db.Integer, default=10, index=True)
@app.route('/')
def index():
<span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token string">"index"</span>
if name == 'main':
app.run(debug=True)
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执行迁移命令
export FLASK_APP=hm_数据迁移.py # 设置环境变量指定启动文件
flask db init # 生成迁移文件夹 只执行一次
flask db migrate # ⽣成迁移版本, 保存到迁移文件夹中
flask db upgrade # 执行迁移
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执行迁移命令前需要先设置环境变量指定启动文件
添加age字段
这里连接查询，比如User表连接address表，join后面的条件正常可以写Address,但是也可以写User,需要注意的是如果写User,那么User.id这个条件需要放在等号后面
