摘要： Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumors with fast-growing morbidity and mortality and the worst prognosis. The development of molecular biology and cell biology provides targets for the prevention and treatment of lung cancer and opens up new areas for the development of drugs and methods to treat lung cancer. 阅读全文

摘要： Toxicology is the science of studying the harmful effects of chemical, physical, biological, and other exogenous factors on biological systems. It can study the toxic reactions of chemical substances on living organisms, their severity, frequency of occurrence, and mechanisms of toxic effects, as well as qualitative and quantitative evaluation of toxic effects. 阅读全文

摘要： With the understanding of the pathogenesis of SLE, some targets for the treatment of SLE have emerged, and drugs developed with these targets have achieved some results in preclinical studies and clinical studies. In the future, the development of some biologically targeted therapeutic agents will have an important role in the treatment of SLE. 阅读全文

摘要： Preformulation research is a vital link in drug development, directly affecting the subsequent development process and final application of drugs. 阅读全文

摘要： The difficulty of drug safety evaluation in vaccines is that the vaccine does not directly exert preventive or therapeutic effects but acts by inducing the immune system to produce antibodies or activate T cells. 阅读全文

摘要： Toxicokinetics is based on pharmacokinetic studies, with the help of its methods and tools, to help evaluate drug safety and regulate research behavior according to GLP. 阅读全文

摘要： According to the drug development process, new drug development can be divided into preclinical and clinical studies. 阅读全文

摘要： The first challenge in drug development is preclinical research of new drugs, which refers to chemical synthesis or natural product purification studies, drug analysis studies, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and pharmacology studies performed before a drug enters clinical studies. Preclinical studies of new medicines escort the development of innovative drugs. 阅读全文

摘要： However, there are differences between animals and humans, safety studies cannot be conducted on animal models alone, and normal animals do not respond to drugs the same way as patients. The humanized mouse model solves this challenge to some extent. 阅读全文

摘要： Isotopes are atoms of the same chemical element with different masses due to the presence of different neutron numbers in the nucleus, and there are light and heavy isotopes; based on physical properties, isotopes can also be classified into two forms: radioactive and stable. 阅读全文